Actualtests Cissp

D Policies are considered the first and highest level of documentation, from which the lower level elements of standards, procedures, and guidelines flow. This order, however, does not mean that policies are more important than the lower elements. These higher-level policies, which are the more general policies and statements, should be created first in the process for strategic reasons, and then the more tactical elements can follow. -Ronald Krutz The CISSP PREP Guide (gold edition) pg 13

B

A Information security policies area high-level plans that describe the goals of the procedures. Policies are not guidelines or standards, nor are they procedures or controls. Policies describe security in general terms, not specifics. They provide the blueprints for an overall security program just as a specification defines your next product - Roberta Bragg CISSP Certification Training Guide (que) pg 206 CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing

B Procedures are looked at as the lowest level in the policy chain because they are closest to the computers and provide detailed steps for configuration and installation issues. They provide the steps to actually implement the statements in the policies, standards, and guidelines...Security procedures, standards, measures, practices, and policies cover a number of different subject areas. - Shon Harris All-in-one CISSP Certification Guide pg 44-45

A

C

D Information security policies are high-level plans that describe the goals of the procedures or controls. Policies describe security in general, not specifics. They provide the blueprint fro an overall security program just as a specification defines your next product. - Roberta Bragg CISSP Certification Training Guide (que) pg 587

A This really does not a reference as it should be known. Upper management is legally accountable (up to 290 million fine). External organizations answer is not really to pertinent (however it stated that other organizations will respect a BCP and disaster recover plan). Employees need to be bound to the policy regardless of who signs it but it gives validity. Ownership is the correct answer in this statement. However, here is a reference. "Fundamentally important to any security program's success us the senior management's high-level statement of commitment to the information security policy process and a senior management's understanding of how important security controls and protections are to the enterprise's continuity. Senior management must be aware of the importance of security implementation to preserve the organization's viability (and for their own 'due care' protection) and must publicly support that process throughout the enterprise." -Ronald Krutz The CISSP PREP Guide (gold edition) pg 13

C An acceptable use policy is a document that the employee signs in which the expectations, roles and responsibilities are outlined. Issue -specific policies address specific security issues that management feels need more detailed explanation and attention to make sure a comprehensive structure is built and all employees understand how they are to comply to these security issues. - Shon Harris All-in-one CISSP Certification Guide pg 62

A "A system-specific policy presents the management's decisions that are closer to the actual computers, networks, applications, and data. This type of policy can provide an approved software list, which contains a list of applications that can be installed on individual workstations. This policy can describe how databases are to be protected, how computers are to be locked down, and how firewall, intrusion diction systems, and scanners are to be employed." Pg 93 Shon Harris CISSP All-In-One Certification Exam Guide

C Regulatory Security policies are mandated to the organization but it up to them to implement it. "Regulatory - This policy is written to ensure that the organization is following standards set by a specific industry and is regulated by law. The policy type is detailed in nature and specific to a type of industry. This is used in financial institutions, health care facilities, and public utilities." - Shon Harris All-in-one CISSP Certification Guide pg 93-94

C Administrative, physical, and technical controls should be utilized to achieve the management's directives. - Shon Harris All-in-one CISSP Certification Guide pg 60

D

D Explanation: Significant action: The quality or state that enables actions on an ADP system to be traced to individuals who may then be held responsible. These actions include violations and attempted violations of the security policy, as well as allowed actions. CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing

A Explanation: Security is a continuous process; as such you must closely monitor your systems on a regular basis. Log files are usually a good way to find an indication of abnormal activities. However some care must be exercise as to what will be logged and how the logs are protected. Having corrupted logs is about as good as not having logs at all.

D Explanation: Most computer attacks only corrupt a system's security in very specific ways. For example, certain attacks may enable a hacker to read specific files but don't allow alteration of any system components. Another attack may allow a hacker to shut down certain system components but doesn't allow access to any files. Despite the varied capabilities of computer attacks, they usually result in violation of only four different security properties: availability, confidentiality, integrity, and control.

C There are several small and large objectives of a security program, but the main three principles in all programs are confidentiality, integrity, and availability. These are referred to as the CIA triad. - Shon Harris All-in-one CISSP Certification Guide pg 62

A The Telecommunications, Network, and Internet Security Domain encompasses the structures, transmission methods, transport formats, and security measures used to provide integrity, availability, authentication, and confidentiality for transmissions over private and public communications networks and media." Pg 515 Hansche: Official (ISC)2 Guide to the CISSP Exam

D Explanation: Information security is the protection of data against accidental or malicious disclosure, modification, or destruction. Information will be protected based on its value, confidentiality, and/or sensitivity to the company, and the risk of loss or compromise. At a minimum, information will be update-protected so that only authorized individuals can modify or erase the information.

A CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing "Change Control: Changes must be authorized, tested, and recorded. Changed systems may require re-certification and re-accreditation." Pg 699 Shon Harris: All-in-One CISSP Certification

B Explanation: When the Security Officer is addressing Senior Management, the focus would not be on user responsibilities, it would be on making sure the Senior Management have a clear understanding of the risk and potential liability is Not D: Item D would be correct in a situation where Senior Management is addressing organizational staff.

A The controls and procedures of a security program should reflect the nature of the data being processed...These different types of companies would also have very different cultures. For a security awareness program to be effective, these considerations must be understood and the program should be developed in a fashion that makes sense per environment - Shon Harris All-in-one CISSP Certification Guide pg 109

C CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing

A Reference: pg 684 Shon Harris: All-in-One CISSP Certification

A Explanation: Shoulder Surfing: Attackers can thwart confidentiality mechanisms by network monitoring, shoulder surfing, stealing password files, and social engineering. These topics will be address more in-depth in later chapters, but shoulder surfing is when a person looks over another person's shoulder and watches keystrokes or data as it appears on the screen. Social engineering is tricking another person into sharing confidential information by posing as an authorized individual to that information. Shon Harris: CISSP Certification pg. 63. Shoulder surfing is not social engineering.

C A weakness in system security procedures, system design, implementation, internal controls, and so on that could be exploited to violate system security policy. -Ronald Krutz The CISSP PREP Guide (gold edition) pg 927 CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing

C The likelihood of a threat agent taking advantage of a vulnerability. A risk is the loss potential, or probability, that a threat will exploit a vulnerability. - Shon Harris All-in-one CISSP Certification Guide pg 937

B Explanation: Vulnerability analysis (also known as vulnerability assessment) tools test to determine whether a network or host is vulnerable to known attacks. Vulnerability assessment represents a special case of the intrusion detection process. The information sources used are system state attributes and outcomes of attempted attacks. The information sources are collected by a part of the assessment engine. The timing of analysis is interval-based or batch-mode, and the type of analysis is misuse detection. This means that vulnerability assessment systems are essentially batch mode misuse detectors that operate on system state information and results of specified test routines.

B CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing

C Explanation: Not B: It is not the objective of the pen tester to supply a method on how to correct the flaws. In fact management may decide to accept the risk and not repair the flaw. They may be able to demonstrate the effects of a flaw - especially if they manage to clobber a system! Penetration testing is a set of procedures designed to test and possibly bypass security controls of a system. Its goal is to measure an organization's resistance to an attack and to uncover any weaknesses within the environment...The result of a penetration test is a report given to management describing the list of vulnerabilities that were identified and the severity of those vulnerabilities. From here, it is up to management to determine how the vulnerabilities are dealt with and what countermeasures are implemented. - Shon Harris All-in-one CISSP Certification Guide pg 837-839

C "One common method to test the strength of your security measures is to perform penetration testing. Penetration testing is a vigorous attempt to break into a protected network using any means necessary." Pg 430 Tittel: CISSP Study Guide

C Explanation: Its goal is to measure an organization's resistance to an attack and to uncover any weakness within the environment...The result of a penetration test is a report given to management describing the list of vulnerabilities that were identified and the severity of those vulnerabilities. - Shon Harris All-in-one CISSP Certification Guide pg 837-839 Not A: Assessment would imply management deciding whether they can live with a given vulnerability.

D Explanation: Flaw Hypothesis Methodology - A system analysis and penetration technique where specifications and documentation for the system are analyzed and then flaws in the system are hypothesized. The list of hypothesized flaws is then prioritized on the basis of the estimated probability that a flaw actually exists and, assuming a flaw does exist, on the ease of exploiting it and on the extent of control or compromise it would provide. The prioritized list is used to direct the actual testing of the system. http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/libs/security/Orange-Linux/refs/Orange/Orange0-5.html

C Explanation: The type of penetration test depends on the organization, its security objectives, and the management's goals. - Shon Harris All-in-one CISSP Certification Guide pg 838 CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing

B Explanation: ISS, Ballista and SATAN are all penetration tools.

D Single Loss Expectancy (SLE) x Annualized Rate of Occurance (ARO) = ALE pg. 18 Krutz: The CISSP Prep Guide

B "SLE x annualized rate of occurrence (ARO) = ALE" pg 70 Shon Harris: All-in-One CISSP Certification

A "Another method of risk analysis is qualitative, which does not assign numbers and monetary valu8es to components and losses." Pg 72 Shon Harris: All-in-One CISSP Certification

B Single Loss Expectancy (SLE) AN SLE is the dollar figure that is assigned to a single event. It represents an organization's loss from a single threat and is derived from the following formula: Asset Value ($) X Exposure Factor (EF) = SLE -Ronald Krutz The CISSP PREP Guide (gold edition) pg 18

D "The MTD is the period of time a business function or process can remain interrupted before its ability to recover becomes questionable." Pg 678 Hansche: Official (ISC)2 Guide to the CISSP Exam

A I am assuming that I don't need to put a reference for this answer. Yeah ok here it is but I cheated and used a earlier reference "A BIA is performed at the beginning of disaster recovery and continuity planning to identify the areas that would suffer the greatest financial or operational loss in the event of a disaster or disruption. It identifies the company's critical systems needed for survival and estimates the outage time that can be tolerated by the company as a result of disaster or disruption." - Shon Harris All-in-one CISSP Certification Guide pg 597

C I could not find a reference for this. However I do agree that declassifying information is harder to do the classifying, but use your best judgment based on experience and knowledge.

A Explanation: All information generated, or used must have a designated owner. The owner must determine appropriate sensitivity classifications, and access controls. The owner must also take steps to ensure the appropriate controls for the storage, handling, distribution, and use of the information in a secure manner.

B Explanation: Authorization determines who is trusted for a given purpose. More precisely, it determines whether a particular principal, who has been authenticated as the source of a request to do something, is trusted for that operation. Authorization may also CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing include controls on the time at which something can be done (e.g. only during working hours) or the computer terminal from which it can be requested (e.g. only the one on the system administrator desk).

C Least Privilege; the security principle that requires each subject to be granted the most restrictive set of privileges needed for the performance of authorized tasks. The application of this principle limits the damage that can result from accident, error, or unauthorized. - Shon Harris All-in-one CISSP Certification Guide pg 933

D Explanation: As described at http://hissa.nist.gov/rbac/paper/node5.html, the principle of least privilege has been described as important for meeting integrity objectives. The principle of least privilege requires that a user be given no more privilege than necessary to perform a job.

B Explanation: Ensuring least privilege requires identifying what the user's job is, determining the minimum set of privileges required to perform that job, and restricting the user to a domain with those privileges and nothing more. By denying to subjects transactions that are not necessary for the performance of their duties, those denied privileges couldn't be used to circumvent the organizational security policy. Although the concept of least privilege currently exists within the context of the TCSEC, requirements restrict those privileges of the system administrator. Through the use of RBAC, enforced minimum privileges for general system users can be easily achieved.

D CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing

D Reference: "Excessive Privileges: This is a common security issue that is extremely hard to control in vast, complex environments. It occurs when a user has more computer rights, permissions, and privileges than what is required for the tasks she needs to fulfill." pg 603 Shon Harris: All-in-One CISSP Certification

B It makes more sense to provide VPN client to workstations opposed to physically securing workstations.

A Data-diddling - the modification of data -Ronald Krutz The CISSP PREP Guide (gold edition) pg 417

C Scavenging is a form of dumpster diving performed electronically. Online scavenging searches for useful information in the remnants of data left over after processes or tasks are completed. CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing This could include audit trails, logs files, memory dumps, variable settings, port mappings, and cached data. - Ed Tittle CISSP Study Guide (sybex) pg 476

B Main Entry: inference Function: noun Date: 1594 1 : the act or process of inferring : as a : the act of passing from one proposition, statement, or judgment considered as true to another whose truth is believed to follow from that of the former b : the act of passing from statistical sample data to generalizations (as of the value of population parameters) usually with calculated degrees of certainty 2 : something that is inferred especially : a proposition arrived at by inference 3 : the premises and conclusion of a process of inferring http://www.m-w.com/cgi-bin/dictionary

B Data diddling is an active attack opposed to a passive attack. Reference: "Data Diddling occurs when an attacker gains access to a system and makes small, random, or incremental changes to data rather than obviously altering file contents or damaging or deleting entire files." Pg 383 Tittel

D Checkdigit: A one-digit checksum. Checksum: A computed value which depends on the contents of a block of data and which is transmitted or stored along with the data in order to detect corruption of the data. The receiving system recomputes the checksum based upon the received data and compares this value with the one sent with the data. If the two values are the same, the receiver has some confidence that the data was received correctly. The checksum may be 8 bits (modulo 256 sum), 16, 32, or some other size. It is computed by summing the bytes or words of the data block ignoring overflow. The checksum may be negated so that the total of the data words plus the checksum is zero.

A "Polyinstantiation is the development of a detailed version of an object from another object using different values in the new object. In the database information security, this term is concerned with the same primary key for different relations at different classification levels being stored in the same database. For example, in a relational database, the same of a military unit may be classified Secret in the database and may have an identification number as the primary key. If another user at a lower classification level attempts to create a confidential entry for another military unit using the same identification number as a primary key, a rejection of this attempt would imply to the lower level user that the same identification number existed at a higher level of classification. To avoid this inference channel of information, the lower level user would be issued the same identification number for their unit and the database management system would manage this situation where the same primary key was used for different units." Pg 352-353 Krutz: The CISSP Prep Guide: Gold Edition. "As with aggregation, the best defense against inference attacks is to maintain constant vigilance over the permissions granted to individual users. Furthermore, intentional blurring of data may be used to prevent the inference of sensitive information." - Ed Tittle CISSP Study Guide (sybex) The other security issue is inference, which is very similar to aggregation. The inference problem happens when a subject deduces information that is restricted from data he has access to. This is seen when data at a lower security level indirectly portrays data at a higher level...This problem is usually dealt with in the development of the database by implementing content and context-dependent classification rules; this tracks the subject's query requests and restricts patterns that represent inference. "Polyinstantiation is a process of interactively producing more detailed versions of objects by CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing populating variables with values or other variables"- Shon Harris All-in-one CISSP Certification Guide pg 725-727

D A computer is in a supervisory state when it is executing these privileged instructions. (privileged instructions are executed by the system administrator or by an individual who is authorized to use those instructions.) . -Ronald Krutz The CISSP PREP Guide (gold edition) pg 254-255

B "It must be small enough to be able to be tested and verified in a complete and comprehensive manner." Shon Harris All-In-One CISSP Certification Guide pg. 232-233.

C I have no specific reference for this question but the major resources hammer that there needs to be methods to check the data for correctness. CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing

D Explanation: Flask is an operating system security architecture that provides flexible support for security policies. The architecture was prototyped in the Fluke research operating system. Several of the Flask interfaces and components were then ported from the Fluke prototype to the OSKit. The Flask architecture is now being implemented in the Linux operating system (Security-Enhanced Linux) to transfer the technology to a larger developer and user community.

C I disagree with the original answer which was B (changes to the kernel) and think it is C (Due to its compactness). However, use your best judgment based on knowledge and experience. Below is why I think it is C. CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing "There are three main requirements of the security kernel: It must provide isolation for the processes carrying out the reference monitor concept and they must be tamperproof. The reference monitor must be invoked for every access attempt and must be impossible to circumvent. Thus the reference monitor must be implemented in a complete and foolproof way. à It must be small enough to be able to be tested and verified in a complete and comprehensive manner." - Shon Harris All-in-one CISSP Certification Guide pg 232-233

C A security kernel is defined as the hardware, firmware, and software elements of a trusted computing base that implements the reference monitor concept. A reference monitor is a system component that enforces access controls on an object. Therefore, the reference monitor concept is an abstract machine that mediates all access of subjects to objects. The Security Kernel must: Mediate all accesses Be protected from modification Be verified as correct. -Ronald Krutz The CISSP PREP Guide (gold edition) pg 262

A "Trusted Recovery When an operating system or application crashes or freezes, it should not put the sytem in any time of secure state." Pg 762 Shon Harris: All-In-One CISSP Certification Exam Guide

C Reference: "Emergency system restart is done after a system fails in an uncontrolled manner in response to a TCB or media failure. In such cases, TCB and user objects on nonvolatile storage belonging to processes active at the time of TCB or media failure may be left in an inconsistent state. The system enters maintenance mode, recovery is performed automatically, and the system restarts with no user processes in progress after bringing up the system in a consistent state."

A A reference monitor is a system component that enforces access controls on an object. Therefore, the reference monitor concept is an abstract machine that mediates all access of subjects to objects -Ronald Krutz The CISSP PREP Guide (gold edition) pg 262

B Reference: pg 882 Shon Harris: All-in-One CISSP Certification

D "The security kernel is made up of hardware, software, and firmware components that fall within the TCB and implements and enforces the reference monitor concept. The security kernel mediates all access and functions between subjects and objects. The security kernel is the core of the TCB and is the most commonly used approach to building trusted computing systems. There are three main requirements of the security kernel: It must provide isolation for the processes carrying out the reference monitor concept, and the processes must be tamperproof. It must be invoked for every access attempt and must be impossible to circumvent. Thus, the security kernel must be implemented in a complete and foolproof way. It must be samall enough to be able to be tested and verified in a complete and comprehensive manner. These are the requirements of the reference monitor; therefor,they are the requirements of the components that provide and enforce the reference monitor concept-the security kernel." - Shon Harris, "CISSP All-in-One Exam Guide", 3rd Ed, p

B CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing Explanation: LOMAC is a security enhancement for Linux that uses Low Water-Mark Mandatory Access Control to protect the integrity of processes and data from viruses, Trojan horses, malicious remote users and compromised root daemons. LOMAC is implemented as a loadable kernel module - no kernel recompilations or changes to existing applications are required. Although not all the planned features are currently implemented, it presently provides sufficient protection to thwart script-kiddies, and is stable enough for everyday use.

D Explanation: LOMAC is a security enhancement for Linux that uses Low Water-Mark Mandatory Access Control to protect the integrity of processes and data from viruses, Trojan horses, malicious remote users and compromised root daemons. LOMAC is implemented as a loadable kernel module - no kernel recompilations or changes to existing applications are required. Although not all the planned features are currently implemented, it presently provides sufficient protection to thwart script-kiddies, and is stable enough for everyday use. "Security Kernel - The hardware, firmware, and software elements of a trusted computing base (TCB) that implements the reference monitor concept. It must mediate all accesses between subjects and objects, be protected from modification, and be verifiable as correct." - Shon Harris All-in-one CISSP Certification Guide pg 355

A Explanation: LOMAC is a security enhancement for Linux that uses Low Water-Mark Mandatory Access Control to protect the integrity of processes and data from viruses, Trojan horses, CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing malicious remote users and compromised root daemons. LOMAC is implemented as a loadable kernel module - no kernel recompilations or changes to existing applications are required. Although not all the planned features are currently implemented, it presently provides sufficient protection to thwart script-kiddies, and is stable enough for everyday use.

B Explanation: "reference monitor ... mediates all access subjects have to objects ... protect the objects from unauthorized access and destructive modification" , Ibid p 273 Reference monitor is part of the TCB concept Not D: "noninterference ... is implemented to ensure that any actions that take place at a higher security level do not affect ... actions that take place at a lower level", Harris, 3rd Ed, p 290. It is part of the information flow model.

C "An apparent loophole deliberately implanted in an operating system program as a trap for intruders." As defined by the Aqua Book NCSC-TG-004 a pseudo-flaw is an apparent loophole deliberately implanted in an operating system program as a trap for intruders. Answer from http://www.cccure.org

A A directory service has a hierarchical database of users, computers, printers, resources, and attributes of each. The directory is mainly used for lookup operations, which enable users to track down resources and other users...The administrator can then develop access control, security, and auditing policies that dictate who can access these objects, how the objects can be accessed, and audit each of these actions. - Shon Harris All-in-one CISSP Certification Guide pg 436-437

B CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing Explanation: Capabilities are accomplished by storing on each subject a list of rights the subject has for every object. This effectively gives each user a key ring. To remove access to a particular object, every user (subject) that has access to it must be "touched". A touch is an examination of a user's rights to that object and potentially removal of rights. This brings back the problem of sweeping changes in access rights.

A Explanation: A flow is a type of dependency that relates two versions of the same object, and thus the transformation of one state of that object into another, at successive points in time.

A CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing "Like other evaluation criteria before it, Common Criteria works to answer two basic and general questions about products being evaluated: what does it do (functionality), and how sure are you of that (assurance)?" pg 232 Shon Harris CISSP All-In-One Certification Exam Guide

A Original Answer was C. This is wrong in my view as the original answer confused ITSEC with the CC per the following The Common criteria terminology for the degree of examination of the product to be tested is the Evaluation Assurance level (EAL). EALs range from EA1 (functional testing to EA7 (detailed testing and formal design verification). -Ronald Krutz The CISSP PREP Guide (gold edition) pg 266-267 Note that Shon Harris All-in-one CISSP Certification Guide uses EAL (not just EA). EALs are combinations of assurance components. They also can be conveniently compared to TSCEC and ITSEC. Like these security evaluation criteria, EALs are scaled with from EAL1 through EAL7. Other EALs exist, but EAL 7 is the highest with international recognition. - Roberta Bragg Cissp Certification Training Guide (que) pg 368 ITSEC separately evaluates functionality and assurance, and it includes 10 functionality classes (f), eight assurance levels (q), seven levels of correctness (e), and eight basic security functions in its criteria. ). -Ronald Krutz The CISSP PREP Guide (gold edition) pg 266

D "For historical and continuity purposes, ISO has accepted the continued use of the term "Common Criteria" (CC) within this document, while recognizing the official ISO name for the new IS 15408 is "Evaluation Criteria for Information Technology Security." Pg. 552 Krutz: The CISSP Prep Guide: Gold Edition "The Common Criteria define a Protection Profile (PP), which is an implementation-independent specification of the security requirements and protections of a product that could be built. The Common Criteria terminology for the degree of examination of the product to be tested is the Evaluation Assurance Level (EAL). EALs range from EA1 (functional testing) to EA7 (detailed testing and formal design verification). The Common Criteria TOE refers to the product to be CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing tested. A Security Target (ST) is a listing of the security claims for a particular IT security product. Also, the Common Criteria describe an intermediate grouping of security requirement components as a package." Pg. 266-267 Krutz: The CISSP Prep Guide: Gold Edition

C "The Common Criteria define a Protection Profile (PP), which is an implementation-independent specification of the security requirements and protections of a product that should be built. The Common Criteria terminology for the degree of examination of the product to be tested is the Evaluation Assurance Level (EAL.) EALs range from EA1 (functional testing() to EA7 (detailed testing and formal design verification). The Common Criteria TOE refers to the product to be tested. A Security Target (ST) is a listing of the security claims for a particular IT security product. Also, the Common Criteria describe an intermedicate grouping of security requirement components as a package." Pg. 266- 267 Krutz: The CISSP Prep Guide: Gold Edition

A Protection Profiles: The Common Criteria uses protection profiles to evaluate products. The protection profile contains the set of security requirements, their meaning and reasoning, and the corresponding EAL rating. The profile describes the environmental assumptions, the objectives, and functional and assurance level expectations. Each relevant threat is listed along with how it is to be controlled by specific objectives. It also justifies the assurance level and requirements for the strength of each protection mechanism. The protection profile provides a means for the consumer, or others, to identify specific security needs ;p this is the security problems to be conquered. EAL: An evaluation is carried out on a product and is assigned an evaluation assurance level (EAL) The thoroughness and stringent testing increases in detailed-oriented tasks as the levels increase. The Common Criteria has seven aassurance levels. The ranges go from EAL1, where CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing the functionality testing takes place, to EAL7,where thorough testing is performed and the system is verified. All-In-One CISSP Certification Exam Guide by Shon Harris pg. 262 Note: "The Common Criteria defines a Protection Profile (PP), which is an implementation-independent specification of the security requirements and protections of a product that could be built. The Common Criteria terminology for the degree of examination of the product to be tested is the Evaluation Assurance Level (EAL). EALs range from EA1 (functional testing) to EA7 (detailed testing and formal design verification). The Common Criteria TOE [target of evaluation] refers to the product to be tested. A Security Target (ST) is a listing of the security claims for a particular IT security product." -Ronald Krutz The CISSP PREP Guide (gold edition) pg 266-267

C "ITSEC TCSEC (Orange Book) E0 D F1+E1 C1 F2+E2 C2 F3+E3 B1 F4+E4 B2 F5+E5 B3 F5+E6 A1 F6=Systems that provide high integrity F7=Systems that provide high availability F8=Systems that provide data integrity during communication F9=Systems that provide high confidentiality F10=Networks with high demands on confidentiality and integrity" Pg. 230 Shon Harris: All-in-One CISSP Certification

A Reference: pg 129 Hansche: Official (ISC)2 Guide to the CISSP Exam

A TBSEC provides guidelines to be used with evaluating a security product. The TBSEC guidelines address basic security functionality and allow evaluators to measure and rate the functionality of a system and how trustworthy it is. Functionality and assurance are combined and not separated, as in criteria developed later. TCSEC guidelines can be used for evaluating vendor products or by vendors to design necessary functionality into new products. CISSP Study Guide by Tittel pg. 413.

A CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing

C Reference: Pg 226 Shon Harris: All-in-One CISSP Certification

B "Trusted recovery is required only for B3 and A1 level systems." Pg 305 Krutz: CISSP Prep Guide: Gold Edition.

B Explanation: A B2 system mustmeet all the requirement of a B1 system and support hierarchical devices labels, trusted path communications between the user and the system, and covert channel analysis. Exam Cram 2pg 103 and ALL-IN-ONE CISSP Third Edition by Shon Harris pg 304. The key to this question is knowingthe difference between various system ratings and keeping in mind a higher ratedsystem have all of the same security implementations as a lower rated system. In this case both B3 and A1 systems supportcovert channelanalysis, but it isimplementedfor B2 systems.

D Systems Integrity is a part of operational assurance opposed to life cycle assurance. "The operational assurance requirements specified in the Orange Book are as follows: System Architecture System integrity Covert channel analysis Trusted facility management Trusted recovery The life cycle assurance requirements specified in the Orange Book are as follows: CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing Security testing Design specification and testing Configuration Management Trusted Distribution" Pg. 301 Krutz: The CISSP Prep Guide: Gold Edition.

B "B1: Labeled Security Each data object must contain a classification label and each subject must have a clearance label. When a subject attempts to access an object, the system must compare the subject and object's security labels to ensure the requested actions are acceptable. Data leaving the system must also contain an accurate security label. The security policy is based on an informal statement and the design specifications are reviewed and verified. It is intended for environments that require systems to handle classified data." " pg. 224-226 Shon Harris: All-In-One CISSP Certification Exam Guide

D B1: Labeled Security Each data object must contain a classification label and each subject must have a clearance label. When a subject attempts to access an object, the system must compare the subject and object's security labels to ensure the requested actions are acceptable. Data leaving the system must also contain an accurate security label. The security policy is based on an informal statement and the design specifications are reviewed and verified. It is intended for environments that require systems to handle classified data. B2: Structured Protection The security policy is clearly defined and documented, and the system design and implementation are subjected to more thorough review and testing procedures. This class requires more stringent authentication mechanisms and well-defined interfaces among layers. Subjects and devices require labels, and the system must not allow covert channels. A trusted path for logon and authentication processes must be in place, which means there are no trapdoors. A trusted path means that the subject is communicating directly with the application or operating system. There is no way to circumvent or compromise this communication channel. There is a separation of operator and administration functions within the system to provide more trusted and protected operational functionality. Distinct address spaces must be provided to isolate processes, and a covert channel analysis is conducted. This class adds assurance by adding requirements to the design of the system. The environment that would require B2 systems could process sensitive data that require a higher degree of security. This environment would require systems that are relatively resistant to penetration and compromise. (A trusted path means that the user can be sure that he is talking to a genuine copy of the operating system.) B3: Security Domains In this class, more granularity is provided in each protection mechanism, and the programming code that is not necessary to support the security policy is exclude. The design and implementation should not provide too much complexity because as the complexity of a system increases, the ability of the individual who need to test, maintain, and configure it reduces; thus, the overall security can be threatened. The reference monitor components must be small enough to test properly and be tamperproof. The security administrator role is clearly defined, and the CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing system must be able to recover from failures without it security level being compromised. When the system starts up and loads it operating system and components, it must be done in an initial secure state to ensure that any weakness of the system cannot be taken advantage of in this slice of time. " pg. 226 Shon Harris: All-In-One CISSP Certification Exam Guide

C Configuration management is a part of life cycle assurance opposed to operational assurance. "The operational assurance requirements specified in the Orange Book are as follows: System Architecture System integrity Covert channel analysis Trusted facility management Trusted recovery The life cycle assurance requirements specified in the Orange Book are as follows: Security testing Design specification and testing Configuration Management Trusted Distribution" Pg. 301 Krutz: The CISSP Prep Guide: Gold Edition.

A "The operational assurance requirements specified in the Orange Book are as follows: System Architecture System integrity Covert channel analysis Trusted facility management Trusted recovery" Pg. 301 Krutz: The CISSP Prep Guide: Gold Edition

A Reference: pg 302 Krutz: CISSP Prep Guide: Gold Edition

A B1 does not provide trusted facility management, the next highest level that does is B2. "Trusted facility management is defined as the assignment of a specific individual to administer the security-related functions of a system. Although trusted facility management is an assurance requirement only for highly secure systems (B2, B3, and A1), many systems evaluated at lower security levels CK structured to try to meet this requirement." Pg. 302 Krutz: The CISSP Prep Guide: Gold Edition

A A Integrity is dependent on confidentiality, which relies on data classification. Also Biba integrity model relies on data classification. "There are numerous countermeasures to ensure confidentiality against possible threats. These include the use of encryption, network traffic padding, strict access control, rigorous authentication procedures, data classification, and extensive personnel training. Confidentiality and integrity are dependent upon each other. Without object integrity, confidentiality cannon be maintained. Other concepts, conditions, and aspects of confidentiality include sensitivity, discretion, criticality, concealment, secrecy, privacy, seclusion, and isolation." Pg 145 Tittel: CISSP Study Guide. "Biba Integrity Model Integrity is usually characterized by the three following goals: 1.) The data is protected from modification by unauthorized users. 2.) The data is protected from unauthorized modification by authorized users. 3) The data is internally and externally consistent; the data held in a database must balance internally and correspond to the external, real world situation." Pg. 277 Krutz: The CISSP Prep Guide: Gold Edition.

C "The Clark-Wilson model is also an integrity-protecting model. The Clark-Wilson model was developed after Biba and approaches integrity protection from a different perspective. Rather than employing a lattice structure, it uses a three-part relationship of subject/program/object known as a triple. Subjects do not have direct access to objects. Objects can be access only through programs." Pg 347 Tittel: CISSP Study Guide

C Explanation: To ensure that integrity is attained and preserved, Clark and Wilson assert, certain integrity-monitoring and integrity-preserving rules are needed. Integrity-monitoring rules are called certification rules, and integrity-preserving rules are called enforcement rules.

A The Handbook of Information System Management, 1999 Edition, ISBN: 0849399742 presents the following definition: In studying the two properties of the Bell-LaPadula model, Biba discovered a plausible notion of integrity, which he defined as prevention of unauthorized modification. The resulting Biba integrity model states that maintenance of integrity requires that data not flow from a receptacle of given integrity to a receptacle of higher integrity. For example, if a process can write above its security level, trustworthy data could be contaminated by the addition of less trustworthy data. SANS glossary at http://www.sans.org/newlook/resources/glossary.htm define it as: Formal security model for the integrity of subjects and objects in a system.

B Explanation: This model attempts to capture security requirements of commercial applications. 'Military' and 'Commercial' are shorthand for different ways of using computers. This model has emphasis on integrity: Internal consistency: properties of the internal state of a system External consistency: relation of the internal state of a system to the outside world

D "Biba has two integrity axioms: 1. Simple Integrity Axiom The Simple Integrity Axiom (SI Axiom) state that a subject at a specific classification level cannot read data with a lower classification level. This is often shortened to "no read down." 1. Integrity Axiom The (star) Integrity Axiom ( Axiom) states that a subject at a specific classification level cannot write data to a higher classification level. This is often shortened to "no write up."" Pg 347 Tittel: CISSP Study Guide

C If implemented and enforced properly, the Biba model prevents data from any integrity level from flowing to a higher integrity level. - Shon Harris All-in-one CISSP Certification Guide pg 244

B Custodian - Preserves the information's CIA (chart) -Ronald Krutz The CISSP PREP Guide (gold edition) pg 15

C "An important thing to note is that the Bell-LaPadula model was developed to make sure secrets stay secret; thus, it provides and addresses confidentially only. This model does not address CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing integrity of the data the system maintains - only who can and cannot access the data." Pg 214 Shon Harris: All-in-One CISSP Certification

B Explanation: Limitations of the BLP model: Have no policies for changing access data control Intended for systems with static security levels Contains covert channels: a low subject can detect the existence of a high object when it is denied access. Sometimes it is enough to hide the content of an abject; also their existence may have to be hidden. Restricted to confidentiality

B Explanation: Bell-LaPadula is a state machine model capturing confidentiality aspects of access control. Access permissions are defined through an Access Control matrix and through a partial ordering of security levels. Security policies prevent information flowing downwards from a high security level to a low security level. BLP only considers the information flow that occurs when a subject observes or alters an object.

C Explanation: Bell-LaPadula is a state machine model capturing confidentiality aspects of access control. Access permissions are defined through an Access Control matrix and through a partial ordering of security levels. Security policies prevent information flowing downwards from a high security level to a low security level. BLP only considers the information flow that occurs when a subject observes or alters an object.

D Explanation: Bell-LaPadula is a state machine model capturing confidentiality aspects of access control. Access permissions are defined through an Access Control matrix and through a CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing partial ordering of security levels. Security policies prevent information flowing downwards from a high security level to a low security level. BLP only considers the information flow that occurs when a subject observes or alters an object.

D Explanation: We think this is D: "Identity-Based Access Control" "...grant or deny access based on the identity of the subject. ...user identity or group membership." Harris, 3rd Ed, p 163. Group membership would be part of a user profile. Rule based based can be ID or "a set of complex rules that must be met. ... Rule-based access control is not necessarily identity based." Harris, 3rd Ed, p 167. So item "C" is out. "A" and "B" are not access control methods. I would note that in Harris, there is no reference to "ID based access control". "Role-based access control would be the VERY best answer to the question - role information would be included as part of the users profile.

B Explanation: The Lattice Based Access Control model was developed to deal mainly with information flow in computer systems. Information flow is clearly central to confidentiality but to some extent it also applies to integrity. The basic work in this area was done around 1970 and was driven mostly by the defense sector. Information flow in computer systems is concerned with flow from one security class (also called security label) to another. These controls are applied to objects. An object is a container of information, and an object can be a directory or file.

A Explanation: The Lattice Based Access Control model was developed to deal mainly with information flow in computer systems. Information flow is clearly central to confidentiality but to some extent it also applies to integrity. The basic work in this area was done around 1970 and was driven mostly by the defense sector. Information flow in computer systems is concerned with flow from one security class (also called security label) to another. These controls are applied to objects. An object is a container of information, and an object can be a directory or file.

A Explanation: The Lattice Based Access Control model was developed to deal mainly with information flow in computer systems. Information flow is clearly central to confidentiality but to CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing some extent it also applies to integrity. The basic work in this area was done around 1970 and was driven mostly by the defense sector. Information flow in computer systems is concerned with flow from one security class (also called security label) to another. These controls are applied to objects. An object is a container of information, and an object can be a directory or file.

B Explanation: Information flow is clearly central to confidentiality but to some extent it also applies to integrity. The basic work in this area was done around 1970 and was driven mostly by the defense sector. Information flow in computer systems is concerned with flow from one security class (also called security label) to another. These controls are applied to objects. An object is a container of information, and an object can be a directory or file.

B Explanation: Information flow is clearly central to confidentiality but to some extent it also applies to integrity. The basic work in this area was done around 1970 and was driven mostly by the defense sector. Information flow in computer systems is concerned with flow from one security class (also called security label) to another. These controls are applied to objects. An object is a container of information, and an object can be a directory or file. CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing

A "Mandatory Access Control. The authorization of a subject's access to an object depends upon labels, which indicate the subject's clearance, and the classification or sensitivity of the object." "Rule-based access control is a type of mandatory access control because rules determine this access, rather than the identity of the subjects and objects alone." "Discretionary Access Control.The subject has authority, within certain limitations, to specify what objects are accessible." "When a user with certain limitations has the right to alter the access control to certain objects, this is termed as user-directed discretionary access control." "An identity-based access control is a type of a discretionary access control based on an individual's identity." "In some instances, a hybrid approach is used, which combines the features of user-based and identity-based discretionary access control." "Non-discretionary Access Control. A Central authority determines what subjects can have access to certain objects based on the organizational security policy." "The access controls might be based on the individuals role in the organization (role-based) or the subject's responsibilities and duties (task-based)." CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing "[Lattice-based] In this type of control, a lattice model is applied. "Access control can be characterized as context-dependent or content dependent." Pg. 45-46 Krutz: The CISSP Prep Guide: Gold Edition

C Non-Discretionary Access Control. A central authority determines what subjects can have access to certain objects based on organizational security policy. The access controls may be based on the individual's role in the organization (role-based) or the subject's responsibilities and duties (task-based). Pg. 33 Krutz: The CISSP Prep Guide.

B Non-Discretionary Access Control. A central authority determines what subjects can have access to certain objects based on organizational security policy. The access controls may be based on the individual's role in the organization (role-based) or the subject's responsibilities and duties (task-based). Pg. 33 Krutz: The CISSP Prep Guide.

D "Need to Know and the Principle of Least Privilege are two standard axioms of high-security environments. A user must have a need-to-know to gain access to data or resources. Even if that ser has an equal or greater security classification than the requested information, if they do not have a need-to-know, they are denied access. A need-to-know is the requirement to have access to, knowledge about, or possession of data or a resource to perform specific work tasks. The principle of least privilege is the notion that users should be granted the least amount of access to the secure environment as possible for them to be able to complete their work tasks." Pg 399 Tittel: CISSP Study Guide

A Reference: pg 46 Krutz: CISSP Prep Guide: Gold Edition

C Reference: pg 46 Krutz: CISSP Prep Guide: Gold Edition

A RBAC - This type of model provides access to resources based on the role the users holds within the company or the tasks that user has been assigned. - Shon Harris All-in-one CISSP Certification Guide pg 937 Rule-based access control is a type of mandatory access control because rules determine this access (such as the correspondence of clearances labels to classification labels), rather than the identity of the subjects and objects alone. . -Ronald Krutz The CISSP PREP Guide (gold edition) pg 45-46

C The question does not ask about the identity of the accessing subject, the question refers to the subject to which the object belongs (ie the owner). The owner setting the access rights is the definition of DAC. "DAC systems grant or deny access based on the identity of the subject. ...." Harris, 3rd Ed, p 163

B Explanation: The definition of ACL: A method of coordinating access to resources based on the listing of permitted (or denied) users, network addresses or groups for each resource.

C Explanation: With this model, information can be easily changed for only one user but this scheme may become a burden in a very large environment. A rule-based access control unit will intercept every request to the server and compare the source specific access conditions with the rights of the user in order to make an access decision. A good example could be a firewall. Here a set of rules defined by the network administrator is recorded in a file. Every time a connection is attempted (incoming or outgoing), the firewall software checks the rules file to see if the connection is allowed. If it is not, the firewall closes the connection. CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing

A Explanation: Rule based access control is based on a specific profile for each user. Information can be easily changed for only one user but this scheme may become a burden in a very large environment. A rule-based access control unit will intercept every request to the server and compare the source specific access conditions with the rights of the user in order to make an access decision. A good example could be a firewall. Here a set of rules defined by the network administrator is recorded in a file. Every time a connection is attempted (incoming or outgoing), the firewall software checks the rules file to see if the connection is allowed. If it is not, the firewall closes the connection.

B Explanation: What is an access control model? It is a formal description of a security policy. What CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing is a security policy? A security policy captures the security requirements of an enterprise or describes the steps that have to be taken to achieve security. Security models are used in security evaluation, sometimes as proofs of security.

B Explanation: Mandatory controls are access controls that are based on a policy that the user, and more importantly the processes running with that user's privileges, is not allowed to violate. An example of this is "Top Secret" data is configured so that regardless of what the user does, the data cannot be transmitted to someone who does not have "Top Secret" status. Thus no "trojan horse" program could ever do what the user is not allowed to do anyway. The restrictions of mandatory controls are (at least in normal mode) also applied to the user who in a discretionary system would be "root", or the superuser.

B Explanation: Access restrictions such as access control lists and capabilities sometimes are not enough. In some cases, information needs to be tightened further, sometimes by an authority higher than the owner of the information. For example, the owner of a top-secret document in a government office might deem the information available to many users, but his manager might know the information should be restricted further than that. In this case, the flow of information needs to be controlled -- secure information cannot flow to a less secure user. CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing

D Explanation: A flow is a type of dependency that relates two versions of the same object, and thus the transformation of one state of that object into another, at successive points in time.

B Explanation: Rule based access control is based on a specific profile for each user. Information can be easily changed for only one user but this scheme may become a burden in a very large environment. A rule-based access control unit will intercept every request to the server and compare the source specific access conditions with the rights of the user in order to make an access decision. A good example could be a firewall. Here a set of rules defined by the network administrator is recorded in a file. Every time a connection is attempted (incoming or outgoing), the firewall software checks the rules file to see if the connection is allowed. If it is not, the firewall closes the connection.

B Explanation: The two most well known models are Bell&LaPadula [1973] and Biba[1977]. Both were designed in and for military environments.

D A role-based access control (RBAC) model, also called nondiscretionary access control, uses a centrally administrated set of controls to determine how subjects and objects interact. - Shon Harris, "CISSP All-in-One Exam Guide", 3rd Ed, p 165.

D Explanation: This model attempts to capture security requirements of commercial applications. 'Military' and 'Commercial' are shorthand for different ways of using computers. This model has emphasis on integrity: Internal consistency: properties of the internal state of a system External consistency: relation of the internal state of a system to the outside world

A "The access matrix is a straightforward approach that provides access rights to subjects for objects. Access rights are of the type read, write, and execute. A subject is an active entity that is seeking rights to a resource or object. A subject can be a person, a program, or a process. An object is a passive entity, such as a file or a storage resource." Pg 272 Krutz: CISSP Prep Guide: Gold Edition.

C Lattice-based access control provides an upper bound and lower bound of access capabilities for every subject and object relationship. Pg 156 Shon Harris All-In-One CISSP Certification Exam Guide

C "Lattice-based access control is a variation of nondiscretionary access controls. Lattice-based controls define upper and lower bounds of access for every relationship between object and subject. These boundaries can be arbitrary, but they usually follow the military or corporate security label levels. Subjects under lattice-based access controls are said to have the least upper bound and the greatest lower bound of access to labeled objects based on their assigned lattice position." Pg. 16 Tittel: CISSP Prep Guide

C "In the 1970's, the U.S. military used time-sharing mainframe systems and was concerned about these systems and leakage of classified information. The Bell-LaPadula model was developed to address these concerns. It was the first mathematical model of a multilevel security policy used to define the concept of a secure state machine and modes of access and outline rules of access." Pg 212 Shon Harris: All-in-One CISSP Certification

C " Discretionary Access Control. The subject has authority, within certain limitations, to specify what objects are accessible." -Ronald Krutz The CISSP PREP Guide (gold edition) pg 46

C CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing As with any model, the Bell-LaPadula model has some weaknesses. These are the major ones. The model considers normal channels of the information exchange and does not address covert channels. -Ronald Krutz The CISSP PREP Guide (gold edition) pg 275-276

C With a lattice model you first have to define a set of security classes that can be assigned to users or objects...After you have defined set of security classes, you define a set flow operations showing when information can flow from one class to another - Roberta Bragg Cissp Certification Training Guide (que) pg 23

C Explanation: Separation of duty is necessarily determined by conditions external to the computer system. The Clark-Wilson scheme includes the requirement that the system maintain the separation of duty requirement expressed in the access control triples. Enforcement is on a per-user basis, using the user ID from the access control triple.

A, B, C Explanation: The access matrix model consists of four major parts: A list of objects A list of subjects A function T that returns an object's type The matrix itself, with the objects making the columns and the subjects making the rows Note: This question seems to confuse access control matrix, Harris, 3rd Ed, p 169 with access control types, Ibid, p 188ff "An access control matrix is a table of subjects and objects indicating what actions ... subjects can take upon ... objects", Harris, 3rd Ed, p 169. It would be right if item "A" was "a function that returned an access right"

A Explanation: The two most used implementations are access control lists and capabilities. Access control lists are achieved by placing on each object a list of users and their associated rights to that object.

C Explanation: The lattice-based model aims at protecting against illegal information flow among the entities. One security class is given to each entity in the system. A flow relation CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing among the security classes is defined to denote that information in one class can flow into another class.

B Explanation: The model has the following component: COMPONENT EXAMPLE Subject Analyst Object Data item for a single client Company Datasets Give for each company its own company dataset Conflict of interest classes Give for each object companies that have a conflict of interest Labels Company dataset + conflict of interest class Sanitized information No access restriction

B Explanation: Ensuring least privilege requires identifying what the user's job is, determining the minimum set of privileges required to perform that job, and restricting the user to a domain with those privileges and nothing more. By denying to subjects transactions that are not necessary for the performance of their duties, those denied privileges couldn't be used to circumvent the organizational security policy. Although the concept of least privilege currently exists within the context of the TCSEC, requirements restrict those privileges of the system administrator. Through the use of RBAC, enforced minimum privileges for general system users can be easily achieved. CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing

D Reference: " "The Bell-LaPadula model has a simple security rule, which means that a subject cannot read data from a higher level (no read up). The *-property rule means that a subject cannot write to an object at a lower level (no write down)." - Shon Harris, "CISSP All-in-One Exam Guide", 3rd Ed, p 327. Therefore the object must be at the same or higher level. "The Bell-LaPadula model is an example of a multilevel security modelThe Bell-LaPadula model is an example of a multilevel security model..." - Shon Harris, "CISSP All-in-One Exam Guide", 3rd Ed, p 298. Simple security property. A subject can read an object if the access of the class of the subject dominates the access class of the object. Thus, a subject can read down but cannot read up." Pg 105 Hansche: Official (ISC)2 Guide to the CISSP Exam

B "Security Modes In a secure environment, information systems are configured to process information in one of four security modes. These modes are set out by the Department of Defense as follows: Systems running compartmental security mode may process two or more types of compartmented information. All system users must have an appropriate clearance to access all information processed by the system but do not necessarily have a need to know all of the information in the system. Compartments are subcategories or compartments within the different classification levels and extreme care is taken to preserve the information within the different compartments. The system may be classified at the Secret level but contain five different compartments, all classified Secret. If a user has only the need to know about two of the five different compartments to do their job, that user can access the system but can only access the two compartments. Compartmented systems are usually dedicated systems for each specific compartment to prevent the chance of any errors, because compartmentalization is the most CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing secret of all the secrets. Systems running in the dedicated security mode are authorized to process only a specific classification level at a time, and all system users must have clearance and a need to know that information. Systems running in multilevel security mode are authorized to process information at more than one level of security even when all system users do not have appropriate clearances or a need to know for all information processed by the system. Systems running in system-high security mode are authorized to process only information that all system users are cleared to read and to have a valid need to know. These systems are not trusted to maintain separation between security levels, and all information processed by these systems must be handled as if it were classified at the same level as the most highly classified information processed by the system." Pg. 234 Tittel: CISSP Study Guide

A Reference: pg 264 Krutz: CISSP Prep Guide: Gold Edition

A ? WOW if you are reading these comments then you know I have disagreed with a bunch of the original answers!Well here is another.The original was Seepage.I think it is Contamination. "The intermixing of data at different sensitivity and need-to-know levels.The lower-level data is said to be contaminated by the higher-level data; thus contaminating (higher-level) data might not receive the required level of protection"-Ronald Krutz The CISSP PREP Guide (gold edition) pg 890

B "An overt channel is a channel of communication that was developed specifically for communication purposes. Processes should be communicating through overt channels, not covert channels." Pg 237 Shon Harris: All-In-One CISSP Certification Guide.

B CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing Explanation: Covert channel is a communication channel that allows transfer of information in a manner that violates the system's security policy.

A Explanation: Covert channels: indirect ways for transmitting information with no explicit reading of confidential information. This kind of difficulties induced some researchers to re-think from scratch the whole problem of guaranteeing security in computer systems.

D A covert channel in which one process signals information to another by modulating its own use of system resources (for example, CPU time) in such a way that this manipulation affects the real response time observed by the second process. - Shon Harris All-in-one CISSP Certification Guide pg 929

B Table 6.6 Standards Comparison B2 Structured Protection (covert channel, device labels, subject sensitivity labels, trusted path, trusted facility management, configuration management) F4+E4 EAL5 - Roberta Bragg CISSP Certification Training Guide (que) pg 370

B Covert channel - A communication path that enables a process to transmit information in a way that violates the system's security policy.- Shon Harris All-in-one CISSP Certification Guide pg 929

B The risk is not that a process can signal another process. The risk is that the signaling bypasses the reference monitor functions (ie the communication is not screened by the security kernel that implements the reference monitor).

A Explanation: Biometric authentication systems take advantage of an individual's unique physical characteristics in order to authenticate that person's identity. Various forms of biometric authentication include face, voice, eye, hand, signature, and fingerprint, each have their own advantages and disadvantages. When combined with the use of a PIN it can provide two factors authentication.

B We don't agree with the original answer, which was throughput. Granted throughput is vital but Krutz lists accuracy is most important. In addition to the accuracy of the biometric systems, there are OTHER factors that must also be considered. These factors include the enrollment time, the throughput rate, and acceptability. -Ronald Krutz The CISSP PREP Guide (gold edition) pg 51

A Explanation: Biometric performance is most commonly measured in two ways: False Rejection Rate (FRR), and False Acceptance Rate (FAR). The FRR is the probability that you are not authenticated to access your account. A strict definition states that the FRR is the probability that a mated comparison (i.e. 2 biometric samples of the same finger) incorrectly determines that there is no match.

D Biometrics: Fingerprints Palm Scan Hand Geometry Retina Scan Iris Scan Signature Dynamics Keyboard Dynamic Voice Print Facial Scan Hand Topology Pg. 128-130 Shon Harris All-In-One CISSP Certification Exam Guide

A CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing Explanation: When comparing biometric systems, a low false acceptance rate is most important when security is the priority. Whereas, a low false rejection rate is most important when convenience is the priority. All biometric implementations balance these two criteria. Some systems use very high FAR's such as 1 in 300. This means that the likelihood that the system will accept someone other than the enrolled user is 1 in 300. However, the likelihood that the system will reject the enrolled user (its FRR) is very low, giving them ease of use, but with low security. Most fingerprint systems should be able to run with FARs of 1 in 10,000 or better.

A "When a biometric system reject an authorized individual, it is called a Type 1 error. When the system accepts impostors who should be rejected, it is called a Type II error. The goal is to obtain low numbers for each type of error. When comparing different biometric systems, many different variables are used, but one of the most important variables is the crossover error rate (CER). This rating is stated in a percentage and represents the point at which the false rejection rate equals the false acceptance rate. This rating is the most important measurement when determining the system's accuracy." Pg 113 Shon Harris: All-in-One CISSP Certification

D Explanation: Another factor that must be taken into account when determining the necessary FAR and FRR for your organization is the actual quality of the fingerprints in your user population. ABC's experience with several thousand users, and the experience of its customers, indicates that a percentage of the populations do not have fingerprints of sufficient quality to allow for authentication of the individual. Approximately 2.5% of CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing employees fall into this group in the general office worker population. For these users, a smart card token with password authentication is recommended.

C Explanation: Statistical improvements in false rejection rates can also be achieved by requiring the user to use more than one finger to authenticate. Such techniques are referred to as flexible verification.

B Explanation: Every person's fingerprint is unique and is a feature that stays with the person throughout his/her life. This makes the fingerprint the most reliable kind of personal identification because it cannot be forgotten, misplaced, or stolen. Fingerprint authorization is potentially the most affordable and convenient method of verifying a person's identity.

D Explanation: There are two approaches for capturing the fingerprint image for matching: minutia matching and global pattern matching. Minutia matching is a more microscopic approach that analyzes the features of the fingerprint, such as the location and direction of the ridges, for matching. The only problem with this approach is that it is difficult to extract the minutiae points accurately if the fingerprint is in some way distorted. The more macroscopic approach is global pattern matching where the flow of the ridges is compared at all locations between a pair of fingerprint images; however, this can be affected by the direction that the image is rotated.

B Explanation: There are two types of eye scan in use today for authentication purposes: retinal scans and iris scans. Retinal Scan technology maps the capillary pattern of the retina, a thin (1/50th inch) nerve on the back of the eye. To enroll, a minimum of five scans is required, which takes 45 seconds. The subject must keep his head and eye motionless within 1/2" of the device, focusing on a small rotating point of green light. 320 - 400 points of reference are captured and stored in a 35-byte field, ensuring the measure is accurate with a negligible false rejection rate. This compares to 30-70 points of reference for a finger scan. Unfortunately a retinal scan is considerably more intrusive than an iris scans and many people are hesitant to use the device [Retina-scan]. In addition a significant number of people may be unable to perform a successful enrolment, and there exist degenerative diseases of the retina that alter the scan results over time. Despite these disadvantages, there are several successful implementations of this technology [Retina-scan].

B Explanation: Iris scanning offers greater accuracy than finger scanning, voice or facial recognition, hand geometry or keystroke analysis. It is safer and less invasive than retinal scanning, an important legal consideration [Nuger]. Any company thinking of using biometrics would do well to ensure that they comply with existing privacy laws.

C In addition to the accuracy of the biometric systems, there are OTHER factors that must also be considered. These factors include the enrollment time, the throughput rate, and acceptability. -Ronald Krutz The CISSP PREP Guide (gold edition) pg 51

A There are three main performance issues in biometrics. These measures are as follows: False Rejection Rate (FRR) or Type 1 Error. The percentage of valid subjects that are falsely rejected. False Acceptance Rate (FAR) or Type 2 Error. The percentage of invalid subjects that are falsely accepted. Crossover Error Rate (CER). The percent in which the False Rejection Rate equals the False Acceptance Rate. pg 38 Krutz: The CISSP Prep Guide

B CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing Explanation: Hand geometry reading (scanning) devices usually fall into one of two categories: mechanical or image-edge detection. Both methods are used to measure specific characteristics of a person's hand such as length of fingers and thumb, widths, and depth.

A Explanation: Keystroke dynamics looks at the way a person types at a keyboard. Specifically, keyboard dynamics measures two distinct variables: "dwell time" which is the amount of time you hold down a particular key and "flight time" which is the amount of time it takes a person to switch between keys. Keyboard dynamics systems can measure one's keyboard input up to 1000 times per second.

B Explanation: Keystroke dynamics looks at the way a person types at a keyboard. Specifically, keyboard dynamics measures two distinct variables: "dwell time" which is the amount of time you hold down a particular key and "flight time" which is the amount of time it takes a person to switch between keys. Keyboard dynamics systems can measure one's keyboard input up to 1000 times per second.

D Explanation: Keystroke dynamics is behavioral in nature. It works well with users that can "touch type". Key advantages in applying keyboard dynamics are that the device used in this system, the keyboard, is unintrusive and does not detract from one's work. Enrollment as well as identification goes undetected by the user. Another inherent benefit to using keystroke dynamics as an identification device is that the hardware (i.e. keyboard) is inexpensive. Currently, plug-in boards, built-in hardware and firmware, or software can represent keystroke dynamics systems.

B Explanation: Signature identification, also known as Dynamic Signature Verification (DSV), is another natural fit in the world of biometrics since identification through one's signature occurs during many everyday transactions. Any process or transaction that requires an individual's signature is a prime contender for signature identification.

A CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing Explanation: Signature identification systems analyze two different areas of an individual's signature: the specific features of the signature and specific features of the process of signing one's signature. Features that are taken into account and measured include speed, pen pressure, directions, stroke length, and the points in time when the pen is lifted from the paper.

A Explanation: The many advantages to using voice identification include: Considered a "natural" biometric technology Provides eyes and hands-free operation Reliability Flexibility Timesaving data input Eliminate spelling errors Improved data accuracy

B Explanation: The process of facial identification incorporates two significant methods: detection and recognition.

A Explanation: Recognition is comparing the captured face to other faces that have been saved and stored in a database. The basic underlying recognition technology of facial feature identification involves either eigenfeatures (facial metrics) or eigenfaces. The German word "eigen" refers to recursive mathematics used to analyze unique facial characteristics.

B Explanation: Biometric performance is most commonly measured in two ways: False Rejection Rate (FRR), and False Acceptance Rate (FAR). The FRR is the probability that you are not authenticated to access your account. A strict definition states that the FRR is the probability that a mated comparison (i.e. 2 biometric samples of the same finger) incorrectly determines that there is no match.

B CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing Explanation: The FAR is the chance that someone other than you is granted access to your account, in other words, the probability that a non-mated comparison (i.e. two biometric samples of different fingers) match. FAR and FRR numbers are generally expressed in terms of probability.

B Explanation: The Zephyr Chart illustrates the comparative strengths and weaknesses of each biometric technology. The eight primary biometric technologies are listed around the outer border, and for each technology the four major evaluation criteria are ranked from outside (better) to inside (worse). Looking at dynamic signature verification (DSV) will illustrate how the Zephyr Chart works.

B Explanation: The order of effectiveness has not changed for a few years. It is still the same today as it was three years ago. The list below present them from most effective to list effective: Iris scan Retina scan Fingerprint Hand geometry Voice pattern CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing Keystroke pattern Signature

B Explanation: The order of effectiveness has not changed for a few years. It is still the same today as it was three years ago. The list below present them from most effective to list effective: Iris scan Retina scan Fingerprint Hand geometry Voice pattern Keystroke pattern Signature

C Explanation: The order of acceptance has slightly changed in the past years. It was Iris that was the most accepted method three years ago but today we have Voice Pattern that is by far the most accepted. Here is the list from most accepted first to least accepted at the bottom of the list: Voice Pattern Keystroke pattern CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing Signature Hand geometry Handprint Fingerprint Iris Retina pattern

D Explanation: The order of acceptance has slightly changed in the past years. It was Iris that was the most accepted method three years ago but today we have Voice Pattern that is by far the most accepted. Here is the list from most accepted first to least accepted at the bottom of the list: Voice Pattern Keystroke pattern Signature Hand geometry Handprint Fingerprint Iris Retina pattern

C "Kerberos relies upon symmetric key cryptography, specifically Data Encryption Standard (DES), and provides end-to-end security for authentication traffic between the client and the Key Distribution Center (KDC)." Pg. 15 Tittel: CISSP Study Guide

B Kerberos uses symmetric key cryptography and provides end-to-end security, meaning that information being passed between a user and a service is protected without the need of an intermediate component. Although it allows the use of passwords for authentication, it was designed specifically to eliminate the need for transmitting passwords over the network. Most Kerberos implementations work with cryptography keys and shared secret keys (private keys) instead of passwords. Pg 148 Shon Harris All-In-One CISSP Certification Exam Guide CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing

D "Scripts, directory services, thin clients, Kerberos, SESAME, NetSP, scripted access, and KrtyptoKnight are examples of SSO mechanisms." Pg. 14 Tittel: CISSP Study Guide Second Edition

A "Kerberos is an authentication protocol and was designed in the mid-1980s as part of MIT's Project Athena." Pg 129 Shon Harris: All-in-One CISSP Certification

D "Krytponight The IBM Kryptonight system provides authentication, SSO, and key distribution services. It was designed to support computers with widely varying computational capabilities. KryptoKnight uses a trusted Key Distribution Center (KDC) that knows the secret key of each party. One of the differences between kerberos and KrytoKnight is that there is a peer-to-peer relationship among the parties and the KDC." Pg. 58 Krutz: The CISSP Prep Guide: Gold Edition

A Explanation: Usually a request for a username and password takes place and the NAS may hang up the call in order to call the user back at a predefined phone number. This is a security activity that is used to try and ensure that only authenticated users are given access to the network and it reverse the long distance charges back to the company...However, this security measure can be compromised if someone implements call forwarding. - Shon Harris All-in-one CISSP Certification Guide pg 463

C "Callback systems provide access protection by calling back the number of a previously authorized location, but this control can be compromised by call forwarding." Pg 48 Krutz: CISSP Prep Guide: Gold Edition.

C "The main difference between memory cards and smart cards is the processing power. A memory card holds information, but does not process information. A smart card has the necessary hardware and logic to actually process information." Pg 121 Shon Harris CISSP All-In-One Exam Guide

C Explanation: Tokens are a fantastic way of ensuring the identity of a user. However, you must remember that no system is immune to "human error". If the token is lost with it's pin written on it, or if it were loaned with the corresponding pin it would allow for masquerading. This is one of the greatest threats that you have with tokens.

C Explanation: Another limitation of some of the tokens is their battery lifespan. For example, in the case of SecurID you have a token that has a battery that will last from 1 to 3 years depending on the type of token you acquired. Some token companies such as Cryptocard have introduced tokens that have a small battery compartment allowing you to change the battery when it is discharged.

D CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing Explanation: Memory Only Card - This type of card is the most common card. It has a magnetic stripe on the back. These cards can offer two-factor authentication, the card itself (something you have) and the PIN (something you know). Everyone is familiar with the use of an ATM (Automated Teller Machine) card. These memory cards are very easy to counterfeit. There was a case in Montreal where a storeowner would swipe the card through for the transaction; he hould then swipe it through a card reader to get a copy while a small hidden camera was registering the PIN as the user was punching it on the pad. This scheme was quickly identified as the victims had one point in common; they all visited the same store.

D Explanation: Memory Only Card - This type of card is the most common card. It has a magnetic stripe on the back. These cards can offer two-factor authentication, the card itself (something you have) and the PIN (something you know). Everyone is familiar with the use of an ATM (Automated Teller Machine) card. These memory cards are very easy to counterfeit. There was a case in Montreal where a storeowner would swipe the card through for the transaction; he hould then swipe it through a card reader to get a copy, while a small hidden camera was registering the PIN as the user was punching it on the pad. This scheme was quickly identified as the victims had one point in common; they all visited the same store.

D Explanation: The word "smart card" has four different meanings (in order of usage frequency): CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing IC card with ISO 7816 interface Processor IC card Personal identity token containing IC-s Integrated Circuit(s) Card is ad ID-1 type (specified in ISO 7810) card, into which has been inserted one or more integrated circuits. [ISO 7816]

C Explanation: Processor cards contain memory and a processor. They have remarkable data processing capabilities. Very often the data processing power is used to encrypt/decrypt data, which makes this type of card a very unique personal identification token. Data processing also permits dynamic storage management, which enables the realization of flexible multifunctional cards.

A Reference: "The major disadvantage of many SSO implementations is that once a user obtains access to the system through the initial logon, the user can freely roam the network resources without any restrictions." pg 53 Krutz: CISSP Prep Guide: Gold Edition

C Explanation: Single Sign-On (SSO) - This is a method for a users to identify and present credentials only once to a system. Information needed for future system access to resources is forwarded by the initial System. BENEFITS More efficient user log-on process Users select stronger passwords Inactivity timeout and attempt thresholds applied uniformly closer to user point of CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing entry Improved timely disabling of all network/computer accounts for terminated users

A Explanation: Single Sign-On (SSO) - This is a method for a users to identify and present credentials only once to a system. Information needed for future system access to resources is forwarded by the initial System. BENEFITS More efficient user log-on process Users select stronger passwords Inactivity timeout and attempt thresholds applied uniformly closer to user point of entry Improved timely disabling of all network/computer accounts for terminated users

C Explanation: TACACS integrates the authentication and authorization processes. XTACACS keeps the authentication, authorization and accounting processes separate. TACACS+ improves XTACACS by adding two-factor authentication. - Ed Tittle CISSP Study Guide (sybex) pg 745

A Explanation: OSI model needs to know the source of the data and that it is who it says it is. Path it the data take is not cared about unless source routing is used. The level of security is not cared about inherently by the receiving node (in general) unless configured. A is the best option in this question.

C Explanation: Cisco implemented an enhanced version of TACACS, known as XTACACS (extended TACACS), which was also compatible with TACACS. It allowed for UDP and TCP encoding. XTACACS contained several improvements: It provided accounting functionality to track length of login and which hosts a user connected to, and it also separated the authentication, authorization, and accounting processes such that they could be independently implemented. None of the three functions are mandatory. XTACACS is described in RFC CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing 1492. TACACS+ is the latest Cisco implementation. It is best described as XTACACS with improved attribute control (authorization) and accounting.

B Explanation: RADIUS is a protocol for carrying authentication, authorization, and configuration information between a Network Access Server, which desires to authenticate its links and a shared Authentication Server. RADIUS is a standard published in RFC2138 as mentioned above.

C Explanation: RADIUS is a protocol for carrying authentication, authorization, and configuration information between a Network Access Server, which desires to authenticate its links and a shared Authentication Server. RADIUS is a standard published in RFC2138 as mentioned above.

A Explanation: A Network Access Server (NAS) operates as a client of RADIUS. The client is responsible for passing user information to designated RADIUS servers, and then acting on the response, which is returned.

C Explanation: A RADIUS server can act as a proxy client to other RADIUS servers or other kinds of authentication servers.

A Explanation: Passwords generated by a software package or some operating systems. These password generators are good at producing unique and hard to guess passwords, however you must ensure that they are not so hard that people can't remember them. If you force your users to write their passwords down then you are defeating the purpose of having strong password management.

A Explanation: One-time Passwords are changed after every use. Handheld password generator (tokens) 3 basic types: Synchronous/PIN synchronous, Transaction synchronous, Asynchronous/PIN asynchronous.

B Explanation: Each time the user logs in, the token generates a unique password that is synchronized with the network server. If anyone tries to reuse this dynamic password, access is denied, the event is logged and the network remains secure.

C Explanation: Usage of two totally unrelated words or a series of unrelated characters, such as pizza!wood for example. Such a password is easy to remember but very hard to guess. It would require a cracker quite a bit of time to do a brute force attack on a password that is that long and that uses an extended character as well.

B Explanation: All active accounts must have a password. Unless you are using an application or service designed to be accessed without the need of a proper ID and password. Such service must however be monitored by other means (not a recommended practicE.) CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing

D Explanation: The use of passphrases is a good way of having very strong passwords. A passphrase is easier to remember, it offers numerous characters, and it is almost impossible to crack using brute force with today's processing power. An example of a passphrase could be: "Once upon a time in the CISSP world"

B Explanation: Passwords must not be displayed in plain text while logging on. Passwords must be masked. Password must have a minimum of 8 characters. Password must contain a mix of both alphabetic and non-alphabetic characters. Passwords must be kept private, e.g. not shared, coded into programs, or written down.

A CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing Explanation: When the password is too hard to memorize, the user will actually write it down, which is totally insecure and unacceptable.

C Explanation: Passwords must be changed at least once every 60 days (depending on your environment). Password aging or expiration must be enforced on all systems. Upon password expiration, if the password is not changed, only three grace logins must be allowed then the account must be disable until reset by an administrator or the help desk. Password reuse is not allowed (rotating passwords).

B Explanation: Passwords must be changed at least once every 60 days (depending on your environment). Password aging or expiration must be enforced on all systems. Upon password expiration, if the password is not changed, only three grace logins must be allowed then the account must be disable until reset by an administrator or the help desk. Password reuse is not allowed (rotating passwords).

B Explanation: All passwords must be changed if the root password is compromised or disclosure is suspected. (This is a separate case; the optimal solution would be to reload the compromised computer. A computer that has been downgraded can never be upgraded to higher security level)

B Explanation: Employees must show up in person and present proper identification before obtaining a new or changed password (depending on your policy). After three unsuccessful attempts to enter a password, the account will be locked and only an administrator or the help desk can reactivate the involved user ID.

C "The server sends a message back to the client indicating that a secure session needs to be established, and the client sends it security parameters. The server compares those security parameters to its own until it finds a match. This is the handshaking phase. The server authenticates to the client by sending it a digital certificate, and if the client decides to trust the server the process continues. The server can require the client to send over a digital certificate for mutual authentication, but that is rare." Pg. 523 Shon Harris: All-In-One CISSP Certification Exam Guide

B Explanation: Identification is a means to verify who you are. Authentication is what you are authorized to perform, access, or do. User identification enables accountability. It enables you to trace activities to individual users that may be held responsible for their actions. Identification usually takes the form of Logon ID or User ID. Some of the Logon ID characteristics are: they must be unique, not shared, and usually non descriptive of job function.

A Explanation: Identification is a means to verify who you are. Authentication is what you are authorized to perform, access, or do. User identification enables accountability. It enables you to trace activities to individual users that may be held responsible for their actions. Identification usually takes the form of Logon ID or User ID. Some of the Logon ID characteristics are: they must be unique, not shared, and usually non descriptive of job function

B CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing "Identification is the act of a user professing an identity to a system, usually in the form of a logon ID to the system." Pg 49 Krutz The CISSP Prep Guide. "Identification describes a method of ensuring that a subject (user, program, or process) is the entity it claims to be. Identification can be provided with the use of a username or account number. To be properly authenticated, the subject is usually required to provide a second piece to the credential set. This piece could be a password, passphrase, cryptographic key, personal identification number (PIN), anatomical attribute, or token." Pg 110 Shon Harris: All-in-One CISSP Certification

D Explanation: Authentication is a means of verifying the eligibility of an entity to receive specific categories of information. The entity could be individual user, machine, or software component. Authentication is typically based upon something you know, something you have, or something you are.

B Explanation: The canonical example of something you know is a password or pass phrase. You might type or speak the value. A number of schemes are possible for obtaining what you know. It might be assigned to you, or you may have picked the value yourself. Constraints may exist regarding the form the value can take, or the alphabet from which you are allowed to construct the value might be limited to letters only. If you forget the value, you may not be able to authenticate yourself to the system.

C Explanation: Another form of authentication requires possession of something such as a key, a smart card, a disk, or some other device. Whatever form it takes, the authenticating item should be difficult to duplicate and may require synchronization with systems other than the one to which you are requesting access. Highly secure environments may require you to possess multiple things to guarantee authenticity.

D Explanation: Passwords even though they are always mentioned as being unsecured, necessary evils, that put your infrastructure at risk, are still commonly used and will probably be used for quite a few years. Good passwords can provide you with a good first line of defense. Passwords are based on something the user knows. They are used to authenticate users before they can access specific resources.

A Explanation: Something you are is really a special case of something you have. The usual examples given include fingerprint, voice, or retinal scans. CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing

D Explanation: Biometric authentication systems take advantage of an individual's unique physical characteristics in order to authenticate that person's identity. Various forms of biometric authentication include face, voice, eye, hand, signature, and fingerprint, each have their own advantages and disadvantages. When combined with the use of a PIN it can provide two factors authentication.

C The correct answer is C. Unable to find any references to continuous encryption. "A digital signature is the encrypted hash value of a message." Pg 550 Shon Harris: CISSP All-In-One Certification Exam Guide. "There are other options to improve the security offered by password authentication: Use the strongest form of one-way encryption available for password storage. CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing Never allow passwords to be transmitted in clear text or with weak encryption." Pg. 9 Tittel: CISSP Study Guide "[Kerberos] A complicated exchange of tickets (i.e., cryptographic messages) between the client, the server, and the TGS is used to prove identity and provide authentication between the client and server. This allows the client to request resources from the server while having full assurance that both entities are who they claim to be. The exchange of encrypted tickets also ensures that no logon credentials, session keys, or authentication messages are ever transmitted in the clear text." Pg 14 Tittel: CISSP Study Guide

B Emanation eavesdropping. Receipt and display of information, which is resident on computers or terminals, through the interception of radio frequency (RF) signals generated by those computers or terminals. The U.S. government established a program called TEMPEST that addressed this problem by requiring a shielding and other emanation-reducing mechanisms to be employed on computers processing sensitive and classified government information. . -Ronald Krutz The CISSP PREP Guide (gold edition) pg 416

A Receipt and Display of information, which is resident on computers or terminals, thorugh the interception of Radio Frequency (RF) signals generated by those computers or terminals. The U.S. government established a program called Tempest that addressed this problem by requiring shielding and other emanation-reducing mechanisms to be employed on computers processing sensitive and classified government information. -Ronald Krutz The CISSP PREP Guide (gold edition) pg 416

D Tempest equipment is implemented to prevent intruders from picking up information through the airwaves with listening devices. - Shon Harris All-in-one CISSP Certification Guide pg 192. In Harris's other book CISSP PASSPORT, she talks about tempest in terms of spy movies and how a van outside is listening or monitoring to the activities of someone. This lends credence to the answer of C (trespassing) but I think D is more correct. In that all the listener must do is listen to the RF. Use your best judgment based on experience and knowledge.

C "Tempest is the study and control of spurious electrical signals that are emitted by electrical equipment." Pg 167 Shon Harris: All-In-One CISSP Certification Exam Guide

B An alternative to conductor-based network cabling is fiber-optic cable. Fiber-optic cables transmit pulses of light rather than electricity. This has the advantage of being extremely fast and near impervious to tapping. Pg 85 Tittel: CISSP Study Guide.

D Most communications are vulnerable to some type of wiretapping or eavesdropping. It can usually be done undetected and is referred to as a passive attack versus an active attack. - Shon Harris All-in-one CISSP Certification Guide pg 649 "(I) An attack that intercepts and accesses data and other information contained in a flow in a communication system. (C) Although the term originally referred to making a mechanical connection to an electrical conductor that links two nodes, it is now used to refer to reading information from any sort of medium used for a link or even directly from a node, such as gateway or subnetwork switch. (C) "Active wiretapping" attempts to alter the data or otherwise affect the flow; "passive wiretapping" only attempts to observe the flow and gain knowledge of information it contains. (See: active attack, end-to-end encryption, passive attack.)" http://www.linuxsecurity.com/dictionary/dict-455.html

B Ethernet is broadcast and the question asks about a bus topology vs a SWITCHED Ethernet. Most switched Ethernet lans are divided by vlans which contain broadcasts to a single vlan, but remember only a layer 3 device can stop a broadcast.

B Explanation: Logical attacks occur when a smartcard is operating under normal physical conditions, but sensitive information is gained by examining the bytes going to and from the smartcard. One example is the so-called "timing attack" described by Paul Kocher. In this attack, various byte patterns are sent to the card to be signed by the private key. Information such as the time required to perform the operation and the number of zeroes and ones in the input bytes are used to eventually obtain the private key. There are logical countermeasures to this attack but not all smartcard manufacturers have implemented them. This attack does require that the PIN to the card be known, so that many private key operations can be performed on chosen input bytes.

A CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing Explanation: The countermeasure to prevent this attack is to use "single-access device driver" architecture. With this type of architecture, the operating system enforces that only one application can have access to the serial device (and thus the smartcard) at any given time. This prevents the attack but also lessens the convenience of the smartcard because multiple applications cannot use the services of the card at the same time. Another way to prevent the attack is by using a smartcard that enforces a "one private key usage per PIN entry" policy model. In this model, the user must enter their PIN every single time the private key is to be used and therefore the Trojan horse would not have access to the key.

B The largest 4 digit number is 9999. So 10,000 is the closest answer. CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing

C Explanation: Employees must show up in person and present proper identification before obtaining a new or changed password (depending on your policy). After three unsuccessful attempts to enter a password, the account will be locked and only an administrator or the help desk can reactivate the involved user ID.

A Explanation: Password reuse is not allowed (rotating passwords). Password history must be used to prevent users from reusing passwords. On all systems with such a facility the last 12 passwords used will be kept in the history. All computer system users must choose passwords that cannot be easily guessed. Passwords used must not be a word found in a dictionary.

D Explanation: Passwords must not be sent through email in plain text. Passwords must not be stored in plain text on any electronic media. It is acceptable to store passwords in a file if it is encrypted with PGP or equivalent strong encryption (once again depending on your organization policy). All vendor supplied default passwords must be changed.

C Explanation: The program encrypts the combination of characters and compares them to the encrypted entries in the password file. If a match is found, the program has uncovered a password. - Shon Harris All-in-one CISSP Certification Guide pg 199

A Explanation: I am not sure of the answer on this question. B seems good but the reference below states that Keyspace (or length of password) is the main deterrent. I did not come across something that directly relates in my readings. "If an attacker mounts a trial-and-error attack against your password, a longer password gives the attacker a larger number of alternatives to try. If each character in the password may take on 96 different values (typical of printable ASCII characters) then each additional character presents the attacker with 96 times as many passwords to try. If the number of alternatives is large enough, the trial-and-error attack might discourage the attacker, or lead to the attacker's detection." http://www.smat.us/sanity/riskyrules.html

C Explanation: In a dictionary crack, L0phtCrack encrypts (i.e., hashes) all the passwords in a dictionary file you specify and compares every result with the password hash. If L0phtCrack finds any matches, it knows the password is the dictionary word. L0phtCrack comes with a default dictionary file, words-english. You can download additional files from the Internet or create a custom file. In the Tools Options dialog box, you can choose to run the dictionary attack against the LANMAN password hash, the NT LAN Manager (NTLM) password hash, or both (which is the default). In a hybrid crack, L0phtCrack extends the dictionary crack by appending numbers or symbols to each word in the dictionary file. For example, in addition to trying "Galileo," L0phtCrack also tries "Galileo24," "13Galileo," "?Galileo," "Galileo!," and so on. The default number of characters L0phtCrack tries is two, and you can change this number in the Tools Options dialog box. In a brute-force crack, L0phtCrack tries every possible combination of characters in a character set. L0phtCrack offers four character sets, ranging from alpha only to all alphanumeric plus all symbol characters. You can choose a character set from the Character Set drop-down box in the Tools Options dialog box or type a custom character set in the Character Set drop-down box. L0phtCrack saves custom sets in files with an .lc extension. You can also specify a character set in the password file, as the example in Figure 2 shows. Not B: A key generator is what is being described by the registration password or key answer.

B Explanation: Brute force attacks are performed with tools that cycle through many possible character, number, and symbol combinations to guess a password. Pg 134 Shon Harris CISSP All-In-One Certification Exam Guide. Since the token allows offline checking of PIN, the cracker can keep trying PINS until it is cracked.

B Explanation: Defenses against exhaustive attacks involve increasing the cost of the attack by increasing the number of possibilities to be exhausted. For example, increasing the length of a password will increase the cost of an exhaustive attack. Increasing the effective length of a cryptographic key variable will make it more resistant to an exhaustive attack.

D Explanation: CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing Dictionaries may be used in a cracking program to determine passwords. A short dictionary attack involves trying a list of hundreds or thousands of words that are frequently chosen as passwords against several systems. Although most systems resist such attacks, some do not. In one case, one system in five yielded to a particular dictionary attack.

A Explanation: Honey pots are decoy systems that are designed to lure a potential attacker away from critical systems. Honey pots are designed to: Divert an attacker from accessing critical systems, Collect information about the attacker's activity, and encourage the attacker to stay on the system long enough for administrators to respond.

B Explanation: A sniffer is a program and/or device that monitor data traveling over a network. Sniffers can be used both for legitimate network management functions and for stealing information off a network. Unauthorized sniffers can be extremely dangerous to a network's security because they are virtually impossible to detect

D Explanation: Attacks on smartcards generally fall into four categories: Logical attacks, Physical attacks, Trojan Horse attacks and Social Engineering attacks.

C Explanation: CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing Social Engineering attacks - In computer security systems, this type of attack is usually the most successful, especially when the security technology is properly implemented and configured. Usually, these attacks rely on the faults in human beings. An example of a social engineering attack has a hacker impersonating a network service technician. The serviceman approaches a low-level employee and requests their password for network servicing purposes. With smartcards, this type of attack is a bit more difficult. Most people would not trust an impersonator wishing to have their smartcard and PIN for service purposes.

A Explanation: Physical attacks occur when normal physical conditions, such as temperature, clock frequency, voltage, etc, are altered in order to gain access to sensitive information on the smartcard. Most smartcard operating systems write sensitive data to the EEPROM area in a proprietary, encrypted manner so that it is difficult to obtain clear text keys by directly hacking into the EEPROM. Other physical attacks that have proven to be successful involve an intense physical fluctuation at the precise time and location where the PIN verification takes place. Thus, sensitive card functions can be performed even though the PIN is unknown. This type of attack can be combined with the logical attack mentioned above in order to gain knowledge of the private key. Most physical attacks require special equipment.

C Ok this is a weird little question. The term electronic is kinda of throwing me a bit. A lot of times piggybacking can be used in terms of following someone in a building. CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing Piggyback - Gaining unauthorized access to a system via another user's legitimate connection. (see between-the-lines entry) Between-the-lines entry 0 Unauthorized access obtained by tapping the temporarily inactive terminal of a legitimate user. -Ronald Krutz The CISSP PREP Guide (gold edition) pg 914, 885

C An attempt to gain access to a system by posing as an authorized user. Synonymous with impersonating, masquerading, or mimicking.-Ronald Krutz The CISSP PREP Guide (gold edition) pg 921 "Spoofing - The act of replacing the valid source and/or destination IP address and node numbers with false ones. Spoofing attack - any attack that involves spoofed or modified packets." - Ed Tittle CISSP Study Guide (sybex)

D CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing Explanation: Spoofing is an attack in which one person or process pretends to be a person or process that has more privileges. For example, user A can mimic behavior to make process B believe user A is user C. In the absence of any other controls, B may be duped into giving to user A the data and privileges that were intended for user C.

C Supplemental and System are not access control types. The most correct answer is mandatory opposed to discretionary. The descriptions below sound typical of how a sql accounting database controls access. "In a mandatory access control (MAC) model, users and data owners do not have as much freedom to determine who can access their files. Data owners can allow others to have access to their files, but it is the operating system that will make the final decision and can override the data owner's wishes." Pg. 154 Shon Harris CISSP All-In-One Certification Exam Guide "Rule-based access controls are a variation of mandatory access controls. A rule based systems CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing uses a set of rules, restrictions or filters to determine what can and cannot occur on the system, such as granting subject access, performing an action on an object, or accessing a resource. Pg 16 Tittle: CISSP Study Guide.

C Explanation: Discretionary access controls can extend beyond limiting which subjects can gain what type of access to which objects. Administrators can limit access to certain times of day or days of the week. Typically, the period during which access would be permitted is 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. Monday through Friday. Such a limitation is designed to ensure that access takes place only when supervisory personnel are present, to discourage unauthorized use of data. Further, subjects' rights to access might be suspended when they are on vacation or leave of absence. When subjects leave an organization altogether, their rights must be terminated rather than merely suspended. Under this type of control, the owner determines who has access and what privilege they have.

A Explanation: MAC is defined as follows in the Handbook of Information Security Management: With mandatory controls, only administrators and not owners of resources may make decisions that bear on or derive from policy. Only an administrator may change the category of a resource, and no one may grant a right of access that is explicitly forbidden in the access control policy. CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing

B Explanation: MAC is defined as follows in the Handbook of Information Security Management: With mandatory controls, only administrators and not owners of resources may make decisions that bear on or derive from policy. Only an administrator may change the category of a resource, and no one may grant a right of access that is explicitly forbidden in the access control policy.

A Explanation: MAC is defined as follows in the Handbook of Information Security Management: With mandatory controls, only administrators and not owners of resources may make decisions that bear on or derive from policy. Only an administrator may change the category of a resource, and no one may grant a right of access that is explicitly forbidden in the access control policy.

B Explanation: It is important to note that mandatory controls are prohibitive (i.e., all that is not expressly permitted is forbidden), not permissive. Only within that context do discretionary controls operate, prohibiting still more access with the same exclusionary principle. In this type of control system decisions are based on privilege (clearance) of subject (user) and sensitivity (classification) of object (file). It requires labeling.

C Explanation: It is important to note that mandatory controls are prohibitive (i.e., all that is not expressly permitted is forbidden), not permissive. Only within that context do discretionary controls operate, prohibiting still more access with the same exclusionary principle. In this type of control system decisions are based on privilege CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing (clearance) of subject (user) and sensitivity (classification) of object (file). It requires labeling.

D Explanation: It is important to note that mandatory controls are prohibitive (i.e., all that is not expressly permitted is forbidden), not permissive. Only within that context do discretionary controls operate, prohibiting still more access with the same exclusionary principle. In this type of control system decisions are based on privilege (clearance) of subject (user) and sensitivity (classification) of object (file). It requires labeling.

A Explanation: It is important to note that mandatory controls are prohibitive (i.e., all that is not expressly permitted is forbidden), not permissive. Only within that context do discretionary controls operate, prohibiting still more access with the same exclusionary principle. In this type of control system decisions are based on privilege (clearance) of subject (user) and sensitivity (classification) of object (file). It requires labeling.

A Explanation: As the name implies, the Mandatory Access Control defines an imposed access control level. MAC is defined as follows in the Handbook of Information Security Management: With mandatory controls, only administrators and not owners of resources may make decisions that bear on or derive from policy. Only an administrator may change the category of a resource, and no one may grant a right of access that is explicitly forbidden in the access control policy.

C Explanation: As the name implies, the Mandatory Access Control defines an imposed access control level. MAC is defined as follows in the Handbook of Information Security Management: With mandatory controls, only administrators and not owners of resources may make decisions that bear on or derive from policy. Only an administrator may change the category of a resource, and no one may grant a right of access that is explicitly forbidden in the access control policy.

A Explanation: As the name implies, the Mandatory Access Control defines an imposed access control CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing level. MAC is defined as follows in the Handbook of Information Security Management: With mandatory controls, only administrators and not owners of resources may make decisions that bear on or derive from policy. Only an administrator may change the category of a resource, and no one may grant a right of access that is explicitly forbidden in the access control policy.

C Explanation: Access controls that are not based on the policy are characterized as discretionary controls by the U.S. government and as need-to-know controls by other organizations. The latter term connotes least privilege - those who may read an item of data are precisely those whose tasks entail the need.

A Explanation: Access controls that are not based on the policy are characterized as discretionary controls by the U.S. government and as need-to-know controls by other organizations. The latter term connotes least privilege - those who may read an item of data are precisely those whose tasks entail the need.

C Explanation: With DAC, administrators can limit access to certain times of day or days of the week. Typically, the period during which access would be permitted is 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. Monday through Friday. Such a limitation is designed to ensure that access takes place only when supervisory personnel are present, to discourage unauthorized use of data. Further, subjects' rights to access might be suspended when they are on vacation or leave of absence. When subjects leave an organization altogether, their rights must be terminated rather than merely suspended.

B Explanation: Discretionary access controls can extend beyond limiting which subjects can gain what CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing type of access to which objects. Administrators can limit access to certain times of day or days of the week. Typically, the period during which access would be permitted is 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. Monday through Friday. Such a limitation is designed to ensure that access takes place only when supervisory personnel are present, to discourage unauthorized use of data. Further, subjects' rights to access might be suspended when they are on vacation or leave of absence. When subjects leave an organization altogether, their rights must be terminated rather than merely suspended.

A Explanation: With RBAC, security is managed at a level that corresponds closely to the organization's structure. Each user is assigned one or more roles, and each role is assigned one or more privileges that are permitted to users in that role. Roles can be hierarchical.

C CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing Explanation: With RBAC, security is managed at a level that corresponds closely to the organization's structure. Each user is assigned one or more roles, and each role is assigned one or more privileges that are permitted to users in that role. Roles can be hierarchical.

C Explanation: With role-based access control, access decisions are based on the roles that individual users have as part of an organization. Users take on assigned roles (such as doctor, nurse, teller, manager). The process of defining roles should be based on a thorough analysis of how an organization operates and should include input from a wide spectrum of users in an organization.

C Explanation: With role-based access control, access rights are grouped by role name, and the use of resources is restricted to individuals authorized to assume the associated role. For example, within a hospital system the role of doctor can include operations to perform diagnosis, prescribe medication, and order laboratory tests; and the role of researcher can be limited to gathering anonymous clinical information for studies.

B Explanation: Role based access control (RBAC) is a technology that is attracting increasing attention, particularly for commercial applications, because of its potential for reducing the complexity and cost of security administration in large networked applications.

D CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing Explanation: Role based access control (RBAC) is an alternative to traditional discretionary (DAC) and mandatory access control (MAC) policies. The principle motivation behind RBAC is the desire to specify and enforce enterprise-specific security policies in a way that maps naturally to an organization's structure. Traditionally, managing security has required mapping an organization's security policy to a relatively low-level set of controls, typically access control lists.

B Explanation: Role based access control (RBAC) is an alternative to traditional discretionary (DAC) and mandatory access control (MAC) policies. The principle motivation behind RBAC is the desire to specify and enforce enterprise-specific security policies in a way that maps naturally to an organization's structure. Traditionally, managing security has required mapping an organization's security policy to a relatively low-level set of controls, typically access control lists.

B Explanation: Role based access control (RBAC) is an alternative to traditional discretionary (DAC) and mandatory access control (MAC) policies. The principle motivation behind RBAC is CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing the desire to specify and enforce enterprise-specific security policies in a way that maps naturally to an organization's structure. Traditionally, managing security has required mapping an organization's security policy to a relatively low-level set of controls, typically access control lists.

D Explanation: The RFC 2828 - Internet Security Glossary talks about Rule Based Security Policy: A security policy based on global rules imposed for all users. These rules usually rely on comparison of the sensitivity of the resource being accessed and the possession of corresponding attributes of users, a group of users, or entities acting on behalf of users.

A Explanation: The RFC 2828 - Internet Security Glossary talks about Rule Based Security Policy: A security policy based on global rules imposed for all users. These rules usually rely on comparison of the sensitivity of the resource being accessed and the possession of corresponding attributes of users, a group of users, or entities acting on behalf of users.

C Explanation: The RFC 2828 - Internet Security Glossary talks about Rule Based Security Policy: A security policy based on global rules imposed for all users. These rules usually rely on comparison of the sensitivity of the resource being accessed and the possession of corresponding attributes of users, a group of users, or entities acting on behalf of users.

C Explanation: There are facial feature identification products that are on the market that use other technologies or methods to capture one's face. One type of method used is neural networking technology. This type of technology can employ artificial intelligence that requires the system to "learn" from experience. This "learning" experience helps the system to close in on an identification of an individual. Most facial feature identification systems today only allow for two-dimensional frontal images of one's face. Not DSV: Signature biometrics are often referred to dynamic signature verification (DSV) and look at the way we sign our names. [15] The dynamic nature differentiates it from the study of static signatures on paper. Within DSV a number of characteristics can be extracted from the physical signing process. Examples of these behavioral characteristics are the angle of the pen is held, the time taken to sign, velocity and acceleration of the tip of the pen, number of times the pen is lifted from the paper. Despite the fact that the way we sign is mostly learnt during the years it is very hard to forge and replicate.

D Linearity: "If the sum of the weighted inputs then exceeds the threshold, the neuron will "fire" and there will be an output from that neuron. An alternative approach would be to have the output of the neuron be a linear function of the sum of the artificial neuron inputs." Input-Output Mapping: "For example, if a specific output vector was required for a specific input where the relationship between input and output was non-linear, the neural network would be trained by applying a set of input vector." Adaptivity: "The neural network would have then be said to have learned to provide the correct response for each input vector." Pg. 261 Krutz: The CISSP Prep Guide

A "Dynamic Data Exchange (DDE) enables applications to share data by providing IPC. It is based on the client/server model and enables two programs to send commands to each other directly. DDE is a communication mechanism that enables direct conversation between two applications. The source of the data is called the server, and the receiver of the data is the client." Pg. 718 Shon Harris: All-In-One CISSP Certification Exam Guide

D "The expert system operates in either a forward-chaining or backward-chaining mode. In a forward-chaining mode, the expert system acquires information and comes to a conclusion based on that information. Forward-chaining is the reasoning approach that can be used when there is a small number of solutions relative to the number of inputs. In a backward-chaining mode, the expert system backtracks to determine if a given hypothesis is valid. Backward-chaining is generally used when there are a large number of possible solutions relative to the number of inputs. Another type of expert system is the blackboard. A blackboard is an expert system-reasoning methodology in which a solution is generated by the use of a virtual "blackboard," wherein information or portential solutions are placed on the blackboard by the plurality of individuals or expert knowledge sources. As more information is placed on the blackboard in an iterative process, a solution is generated." Pg 354 Krutz: The CISSP Prep Guide: Gold Edition

B Inference is the ability of users to infer or deduce information about data at sensitivity levels for which they do not have access privileges. -Ronald Krutz The CISSP PREP Guide (gold edition) pg 358 The other security issue is inference, which is very similar to aggregation. - Shon Harris All-in-one CISSP Certification Guide pg 727 Partitioning a database involves dividing the database into different parts, which makes it much harder for an unauthorized individual to find connecting pieces of data that can be brought together and other information that can be deduced or uncovered. - Shon Harris All-in-one CISSP Certification Guide pg 726 Polyinstantiation- This enables a relation to contain multiple tuples with the same primary keys with each instance distinguished by a security level. - Shon Harris All-in-one CISSP Certification Guide pg 727

A "Polyinstantiation is the development of a detailed version of an object from another object using different values in the new object. In the database information security, this term is concerned with the same primary key for different relations at different classification levels being stored in the same database. For example, in a relational database, the same of a military unit may be classified Secret in the database and may have an identification number as the primary key. If another user at a lower classification level attempts to create a confidential entry for another military unit using the same identification number as a primary key, a rejection of this attempt would imply to the lower level user that the same identification number existed at a higher level of classification. To avoid this inference channel of information, the lower level user would be issued the same identification number for their unit and the database management system would manage this situation where the same primary key was used for different units." Pg 352-353 Krutz: The CISSP Prep Guide: Gold Edition. "Polyinstantiation occurs when to or more rows in the same table appear to have identical primary key elements but contain different data for use at differing classification levels. Polyinstantiation is often used as a defense against some types of inference attacks. For example, consider a database table containing the location of various naval ships on patrol. Normally, this database contains the exact position of each ship stored at the level with secret classification. However, on particular ship, the USS UpToNoGood, is on an undercover mission to a top-secret location. Military commanders do not want anyone to know that the ship deviated from its normal patrol. If the database administrators simply change the classification of the UpToNoGood's location to top secret, a user with secret clearance would know that something unusual was going on when they couldn't query the location of the ship. However, if polyinstantiation is used, two records could be inserted into the table. The first one, classified at the top secret level, would reflect the true location of the ship and be available only to users with the appropriate top secret security clearance. The second record, classified at the secret level, would indicate that the ship was on routine patrol and would be returned to users with a secret clearance." Pg. 191 Tittel: CISSP Study Guide Second Edition

D "SQL commands include Select, Update, Delete, Insert, Grant, and Revoke." Pg 62 Krutz: CISSP Prep Guide: Gold Edition

A "Database security takes a different approach than operating system security. In an operating system, the identity and authentication of the subject controls access. This is done through access control lists (ACLs), capability tables, roles, and security labels. The operating system only makes decisions about where a subject can access a file; it does not make this decisions based on the contents of the file itself. If Mitch can access file A, it does not matter if that file contains information about a cookie recipe or secret information from the Cold War. On the other hand, database security does look at the contents of a file when it makes an access control decision, which is referred to as content-dependent access control. This type of access control increases processing overhead, but it provides higher granular control." Pg. 677 Shon Harris: CISSP Certification All-in-One Exam Guide

D "Data Normalization Normalization is an important part of database design that ensures that attributes in a table depend only on the primary key. This process makes it easier to maintain data and have consistent reports. Normalizing data in the database consists of three steps: 1.) Eliminating any repeating groups by putting them into separate tables 2.) Eliminating redundant data (occurring in more than one table) 3.) Eliminating attributes in a table that are not dependent on the primary key of that table" Pg. 62 Krutz: The CISSP Prep Guide: Gold Edition

D "SQL commands include Select, Update, Delete, Grant, and Revoke." Pg. 62 Krutz: The CISSP Prep Guide: Gold Edition "Developed by IBM, SQL is a standard data manipulation and relational database definition language. The SQL Data Definition Language creates and deletes views and relations (tables). SQL commands include Select, Update, Delete, Insert, Grant, and Revoke. The latter two commands are used in access control to grant and revoke privileges to resources. Usually, the owner of an object can withhold or transfer GRANT privileges to an object to another subject. If the owner intentionally does not transfer the GRANT privileges, however, which are relative to an object to the individual A, A cannot pass on the GRANT privileges to another subject. In some instances, however, this security control can be circumvented. For example, if A copies the object, A essentially becomes the owner of that object and thus can transfer the GRANT privileges to another user, such as user B. SQL security issues include the granularity of authorization and the number of different ways you can execute the same query. Pg. 63 Krutz: The CISSP Prep Guide: Gold Edition.

A Developed by IBM, SQL is a standard data manipulation and relational database definition language. The SQL Data Definition Language creates and deletes views and relations (tables). SQL commands include Select, Update, Delete, Insert, Grant, and Revoke. The latter two commands are used in access control to grant and revoke privileges to resources. Usually, the owner of an object can withhold or transfer GRANT privileges to an object to another subject. If the owner intentionally does not transfer the GRANT privileges, however, which are relative to an object to the individual A, A cannot pass on the GRANT privileges to another subject. In some instances, however, this security control can be circumvented. For example, if A copies the object, A essentially becomes the owner of that object and thus can transfer the GRANT privileges to another user, such as user B. SQL security issues include the granularity of authorization and the number of different ways you can execute the same query. Pg. 63 Krutz: The CISSP Prep Guide: Gold Edition.

A Content-Dependent Access Control "Just like the name sounds, access to objects is determined by the content within the object. This is used many times in databases and the type of Web-based material a firewall allows...If a table CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing within the database contains information about employees' salaries, the managers were not allowed to view it, but they could view information about an employee's work history. The content of the database fields dictates which user can see specific information within the database tables." pg 161 Shon Harris: All-In-One CISSP Certification. Decisions will have to be made about the content, therefore increasing processing overhead.

A Not B: It is important to control meta data from being used interactively by unauthorized users. "Data warehouses and data mining are significant to security professionals for two reasons. First, as previously mentioned, data warehouses contain large amounts of potentially sensitive information vulnerable to aggregation and inference attacks, and security practitioners must ensure that adequate access controls and other security measures are in place to safeguard this data." Pg 192 Tittel: CISSP Study Guide Not C: "The data in the data warehouse must be maintained to ensure that it is timely and valid. The term data scrubbing refers to maintenance of the data warehouse by deleting information that is unreliable or no longer relevant." Pg 358-359 Krutz: The CISSP Prep Guide: Gold Edition Not D: "To create a data warehouse, data is taken from an operational database, redundancies are removed, and the data is "cleaned up" in general." Pg 358 Krutz: The CISSP Prep Guide: Gold Edition

B Document of the change. Once the change is approved, it should be entered into a change log and the log should be updated as the process continues toward completion. Tested and presented. The change must be fully tested to uncover any unforeseen results. Depending on the severity of the change and the company's organization, the change and implementation may need to be presented to a change control committee. This helps show different sides to the purpose and outcome of the change and the possible ramifications. - Shon Harris All-in-one CISSP Certification Guide pg 815

A Explanation: CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing "Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol (CHAP) One of the authentication protocols used over PPP links. CHAP encrypts usernames and passwords." Pg. 682 Glossary: Tittel: CISSP Study Guide

A Atomicity is correct. Consistency is not a viable answer. Atomicity states that database modifications must follow an "all or nothing" rule. Each transaction is said to be "atomic." If one part of the transaction fails, the entire transaction fails. It is critical that the database management system maintain the atomic nature of transactions in spite of any DBMS, operating system or hardware failure. Consistency states that only valid data will be written to the database. If, for some reason, a transaction is executed that violates the database's consistency rules, the entire transaction will be rolled back and the database will be restored to a state consistent with those rules. On the other hand, if a transaction successfully executes, it will take the database from one state that is consistent with the rules to another state that is also consistent with the rules. Isolation requires that multiple transactions occurring at the same time not impact each other's execution. For example, if Joe issues a transaction against a database at the same time that Mary issues a different transaction, both transactions should operate on the database in an isolated manner. The database should either perform Joe's entire transaction before executing Mary's or vice-versa. This prevents Joe's transaction from reading intermediate data produced as a side effect of part of Mary's transaction that will not eventually be committed to the database. Note that the isolation property does not ensure which transaction will execute first, merely that they will not interfere with each other. Durability ensures that any transaction committed to the database will not be lost. Durability is ensured through the use of database backups and transaction logs that facilitate the restoration of committed transactions in spite of any subsequent software or hardware failures.

C Assurance procedures ensure that the control mechanisms correctly implement the security policy for the entire life cycle of an information system. Pg 33 Krutz: The CISSP Prep Guide.

C Explanation: "Methods and techniques for cost estimation: Experts' evaluation Delphi Bottom-up approaches Empirical models COCOMO CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing Function Points Combining Methods"

A A Gantt chart is a popular type of bar chart showing the interrelationships of how projects, schedules, and other time-related systems progress over time. Not B: Program Evaluation and Review Technique - (PERT) A method used to size a software product and calculate the Standard Deviation (SD) for risk assessment. The PERT equation (beta distribution) estimates the Equivalent Delivered Source Instructions (EDSIs) and the SD based on the analyst's estimates of the lowest possible size, the most likely size, and the highest possible size of each computer program component (CPC). http://computing-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/

C Systems Development Life Cycle Conceptual Defintion Functional Requirements Determination CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing Protection Specifications Development Design Review Code Review Walk-Through System Test Review Certification and Accreditation Maintenance Pg 224-228 Tittel: CISSP Study Guide.

A Maintenance hook - instructions within a program's code that enable the developer or maintainer to enter the program without having to go through the usual access control and authentication processes. They should be removed from the code before being released for production; otherwise, they can cause serious security risks. They are also referred to as trapdoors. - Shon Harris All-in-one CISSP Certification Guide pg 933

C Project management is an important part of product development and security management is an important part of project management. - Shon Harris All-in-one CISSP Certification Guide pg 732

C Reference: pg 255 Krutz: CISSP Prep Guide: Gold Edition

B Reasonableness check: A test to determine whether a value conforms to specified criteria. Note: CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing A reasonableness check can be used to eliminate questionable data points from subsequent processing.

A Reference: pg 820 Hansche: Official (ISC)2 Guide to the CISSP Exam

C I think I am going to disagree with the original answer (B testing of the change) here. The question has REDUCES the assurance. "Personnel separate from the programmers should conduct this testing." -Ronald Krutz The CISSP PREP Guide (gold edition) pg 345

C I think A or C could be the answers. I am leaning towards the C answer but use your best judgment. "Operations Security can be described as the controls over the hardware in a computing facility, the data media used in a facility, and the operators using these resources in a facility...A Cissp candidate will be expected to know the resources that must be protected, the privileges that must be restricted, the control mechanisms that are available, the potential for access abuse, the appropriate controls, and the principles of good practice." -Ronald Krutz The CISSP PREP Guide (gold edition) pg 297 CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing

D Reference: pg 298 Krutz: CISSP Study Guide: Gold Edition

D Typical system administrator or enhanced operator functions can include the following Installing system software Starting up (booting) and shutting down a system Adding and removing system users Performing back-ups and recovery Handling printers and managing print queues -Ronald Krutz The CISSP PREP Guide (gold edition) pg 305-304

B Explanation: The /etc/hosts.equiv file is saying that every user on the other host is a trusted user and allowed to log into this host without authentication (i.e. NO PASSWORD). The only thing that must exist for a user to log in to this system is an /etc/passwd entry by the same login name the user is currently using. In other words, if there is a user trying to log into this system whose login name is "bhope", then there must be a "bhope" listed in the /etc/passwd file.

D Explanation: In many organizations accounts are created and then nobody ever touches those accounts again. This is a very poor security practice. Accounts should be monitored regularly, you should look at unused accounts and you should have a procedure in place to ensure that departing employees have their rights revoke prior to leaving the company. You should also have a procedure in place to verify password strength or to ensure that there are no accounts without passwords.

D Explanation: Access to the superuser or root account on a server must be limited to only the system administrators that must absolutely have this level of access. Use of programs such as CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing SUDO is recommended to give limited and controlled root access to administrators that have a need for such access.

B Explanation: The root account must be the only account with a user ID of 0 (zero) that has open access to the UNIX shell. It must not be possible for root to sign on directly except at the system console. All other access to the root account must be via the 'su' command.

A Explanation: In order to avoid mishandling of media or information, proper labeling must be used. All tape, floppy disks, and other computer storage media containing sensitive information must be externally marked with the appropriate sensitivity classification. All tape, floppy disks, and other computer storage media containing unrestricted information must be externally marked as such. All printed copies, printouts, etc., from a computer system must be clearly labeled with the proper classification.

A Explanation: In order to avoid mishandling of media or information, proper labeling must be used. All tape, floppy disks, and other computer storage media containing sensitive information must be externally marked with the appropriate sensitivity classification. All tape, floppy disks, and other computer storage media containing unrestricted information must be externally marked as such. All printed copies, printouts, etc., from a computer system must be clearly labeled with the proper classification. CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing As a rule of thumb, you should have an indication of the classification of the document. The classification is based on the sensitivity of information. It is usually marked at the minimum on the front and back cover, title, and first pages.

A What is hardening? Naturally, there is more than one definition, but in general, one tightens control using policies which affect authorization, authentication and permissions. Nothing happens by default. You only give out permission after thinking about it, something like "deny all" to everyone, then "allow" with justification. Shut off everything, then only turn on that which must be turned on. It is not unlike locking every single door, window and access point in your house, then unlocking only those that need to be. It is quite common for users to take all the defaults when their new system gets turned on making for instant vulnerability. A major problem is trying to figure out where all those details are that need to be turned off, without making the system unusable.

A "RAID Level 7 is a variation of RAID 5 wherein the array functions as a single virtual disk in the hardware. This is sometimes simulated by software running over a RAID level 5 hardware implementation, which enables the drive array to continue to operate if any disk or any path to any disk fails. It also provides parity protection." Pg 91 Krutz: CISSP Prep Guide: Gold Edition.

B "Electronic vaulting makes an immediate copy of a changed file or transaction and sends it to a remote location where the original backup is stored....Another technology used for automated backups is hierarrchial storage management (HSM). In this situation, the HSM system dynamically manages the storage and covery of files, which are copied to storage media devices that vary in speed and cost. The faster media hold the data that is accessed more often and the seldom-useed files are stored on the slower devices, or near-line devices. The different storage media rang from optical disk, magnetic disks, and tapes. Pg. 619 Shon Harris CISSP All-In-One Certification Exam Guide CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing

B Hierarchical Storage Management (HSM). HSM provides continuous on-line backup by using optical or tape 'jukeboxes,' similar to WORMs. It appears as an infinite disk to the system, and can be configured to provide the closest version of an available real-time backup. This is commonly employed in very large data retrieval systems." Pg. 71 Krutz: The CISSP Prep Guide.

C What I believe is being wanted here is not the other data center backup alternatives but transaction redundancy implementation. The CISSP candidate should understand the three concepts used to create a level of fault tolerance and redundancy in transaction processing. While these processes are not used solely for disaster recovery, they are often elements of a larger disaster recovery plan. If one or more of these processes are employed, the ability of a company to get back online is greatly enhanced. -Ronald Krutz The CISSP PREP Guide (gold edition) pg 394 (they are Electronic Vaulting, Remote journaling, and Database shadowing)

A "8mm Tape. This format was commonly used in Helical Scan tape drives, but was superseded by Digital Linear Tape (DLT)." Pg 95 Krutz: CISSP Prep Guide: Gold Edition.

C "Incremental backup -A procedure that backs up only those files that have been modified since the previous backup of any sort. It does remove the archive attribute. Differential backup - A procedure that backs up all files that have been modified since the last full backup. It does not remove the archive attribute." - Shon Harris All-in-one CISSP Certification Guide pg 618

B The answer should be B. The physical charecteristics (what type of tape drive) and rotation cyle. (Frequency of backup cycles and retention timE.)

B Take as general information regarding worms "Although the worm is not technically malicious, opening the attachment allows the file to copy itself to the user's PC Windows folder and then send the .pif-based program to any e-mail address stored on the hard drive. Ducklin said the huge risks associated with accepting program files such as .pif, .vbs (visual basic script) or the more common .exe (executable) as attachments via e-mail outweighs the usefulness of distributing such files in this manner. "There's no business sense for distributing programs via e-mail," he said. To illustrate the point, Ducklin said six of the top 10 viruses reported to Sophos in April spread as Windows programs inside e-mails." http://security.itworld.com/4340/030521stopworms/page_1.html

B This applet can execute in the network browser and may contain malicious code. The types of downloadable programs are also known as mobile code. -Ronald Krutz The CISSP PREP Guide (gold edition) pg 361 "ActiveX Controls are Microsoft's answer to Sun's Java applets. They operate in a very similar fashion, but they are implemented using any on of a variety of languages, including Visual Basic, C, C++ and Java. There are two key distinctions between Java applets and ActiveX controls. First, ActiveX controls use proprietary Microsoft technology and, therefore, can only execute on systems running Microsoft operating systems. Second, ActiveX controls are not CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing subject to the sandbox restrictions placed on Java applets. They have full access to the Windows operating environment and can perform a number of privileged actions. Therefore, special precautions must be taken when deciding which ActiveX controls to download and execute. Many security administrators have taken the somewhat harsh position of prohibiting the download of any ActiveX content from all but a select handful of trusted sites." Pg. 214 Tittel: CISSP Study Guide

B Macro Languages enable programmers to edit, delete, and copy files. Because these languages are so easy to use, many more types of macro viruses are possible. - Shon Harris All-in-one CISSP Certification Guide pg 785

C Macro virus is a virus written in one of these programming languages and is platform independent. They infect and replicate in templates and within documents. - Shon Harris All-in-one CISSP Certification Guide pg 784

C Explanation: "Java Security Java applets use a security scheme that employs a sandbox to limit the applet's access to certain specific areas within the user's system and protects the system from malicious or poorly written applets. The applet is supposed to run only within the sandbox. The sandbox restricts the applet's environment by restricting access to a user's hard drives and system resources. If the applet does not go outside the sandbox, it is considered safe. However, as with many other things in the computing world, the bad guys have figured out how to escape their confines and restrictions. Programmers have figured out how to write applets that enable the code to access hard drives and resources that are supposed to be protected by the Java security scheme. This code can be malicious in nature and cause destruction and mayhem to the user and her system. Java employs a sandbox in its security scheme, but if an applet can escape the confines of the sandbox, the system can be easily compromised." Pg 726 Shon Harris: All-In-One CISSP Certification Guide.

B Explanation: When possible, on UNIX systems, passwords shall not be kept in the /etc/passwd file, but rather in a shadow password file which can be modified only by root or a program executing on behalf of root.

A Reference: pg 315 Krutz: CISSP Study Guide: Gold Edition

D Reference: pg 311 Krutz: CISSP Prep Guide: Gold Edition CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing

A Explanation: Although File Integrity Checkers are most often used to determine whether attackers have altered system files or executables, they can also help determine whether vendor-supplied bug patches or other desired changes have been applied to system binaries. They are extremely valuable to those conducting a forensic examination of systems that have been attacked, as they allow quick and reliable diagnosis of the footprint of an attack. This enables system managers to optimize the restoration of service after incidents occur.

B RFC 1918 and RFC 2827 state about private addressing and ip spoofing using the same source address as destination address. Drop the packet.

D "Intrusion Detection (ID) and Response is the task of monitoring systems for evidence of an intrusion or an inappropriate usage. This includes notifying the appropriate parties to take action in order to determine the extent of the severity of an incident and to remediate the incident's effects." Pg 86 Krutz: CISSP Prep Guide: Gold Edition.

C Explanation: Software employed to monitor and detect possible attacks and behaviors that CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing vary from the normal and expected activity. The IDS can be network-based, which monitors network traffic, or host-based, which monitors activities of a specific system and protects system files and control mechanisms. - Shon Harris All-in-one CISSP Certification Guide pg 932

A Explanation: Intrusion Detection is a quickly evolving domain of expertise. In the past year we have seen giant steps forward in this area. We are now seeing IDS engines that will detect anomalies, and that have some built-in intelligence. It is no longer a simple game of matching signatures in your network traffic.

C Explanation: IDSs verify, itemize, and characterize the threat from both outside and inside your organization's network, assisting you in making sound decisions regarding your allocation of computer security resources. Using IDSs in this manner is important, as many people mistakenly deny that anyone (outsider or insider) would be interested in breaking into their networks. Furthermore, the information that IDSs give you regarding the source and nature of attacks allows you to make decisions regarding security strategy driven by demonstrated need, not guesswork or folklore.

D Explanation: Many IDSs can be described in terms of three fundamental functional components: Information Sources - the different sources of event information used to determine whether an intrusion has taken place. These sources can be drawn from different levels of the system, with network, host, and application monitoring most common. Analysis - the part of intrusion detection systems that actually organizes and makes sense of the events derived from the information sources, deciding when those events indicate that intrusions are occurring or have already taken place. The most common analysis approaches are misuse detection and anomaly detection. Response - the set of actions that the system takes once it detects intrusions. These are typically grouped into active and passive measures, with active measures involving some automated intervention on the part of the system, and passive measures involving reporting IDS findings to humans, who are then expected to take action based on those reports.

A, C Explanation: Although there are many goals associated with security mechanisms in general, there are two overarching goals usually stated for intrusion detection systems. Accountability is the capability to link a given activity or event back to the party responsible for initiating it. This is essential in cases where one wishes to bring criminal charges against an attacker. The goal statement associated with accountability is: "I can deal with security attacks that occur on my systems as long as I know who did it (and where to find them.)" Accountability is difficult in TCP/IP networks, where the protocols allow attackers to forge the identity of source addresses or other source identifiers. It is also extremely difficult to enforce accountability in any system that employs weak identification and authentication mechanisms. Response is the capability to recognize a given activity or event as an attack and then taking action to block or otherwise affect its ultimate goal. The goal statement associated with response is "I don't care who attacks my system as long as I can recognize that the attack is taking place and block it." Note that the requirements of detection are quite different for response than for accountability.

A Explanation: The most common way to classify IDSs is to group them by information source. Some IDSs analyze network packets, captured from network backbones or LAN segments, to find attackers. Other IDSs analyze information sources generated by the operating system or application software for signs of intrusion.

B Explanation: The majority of commercial intrusion detection systems are network-based. These IDSs detect attacks by capturing and analyzing network packets. Listening on a network segment or switch, one network-based IDS can monitor the network traffic affecting multiple hosts that are connected to the network segment, thereby protecting those hosts.

A Explanation: Network-based IDSs cannot analyze encrypted information. This problem is increasing as more organizations (and attackers) use virtual private networks. Most network-based IDSs cannot tell whether or not an attack was successful; they can only discern that an attack was initiated. This means that after a network-based IDS detects an attack, administrators must manually investigate each attacked host to determine whether it was indeed penetrated.

A Explanation: Host-based IDSs normally utilize information sources of two types, operating system audit trails, and system logs. Operating system audit trails are usually generated at CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing the innermost (kernel) level of the operating system, and are therefore more detailed and better protected than system logs. However, system logs are much less obtuse and much smaller than audit trails, and are furthermore far easier to comprehend. Some host-based IDSs are designed to support a centralized IDS management and reporting infrastructure that can allow a single management console to track many hosts. Others generate messages in formats that are compatible with network management systems.

A Explanation: Host-based IDSs are unaffected by switched networks. When Host-based IDSs operate on OS audit trails, they can help detect Trojan horse or other attacks that involve software integrity breaches. These appear as inconsistencies in process execution.

D Explanation: Host-based IDSs are harder to manage, as information must be configured and managed for every host monitored. Since at least the information sources (and sometimes part of the analysis engines) for host-based IDSs reside on the host targeted by attacks, the IDS may be attacked and disabled as part of the attack. Host-based IDSs are not well suited for detecting network scans or other such surveillance that targets an entire network, because the IDS only sees those network packets received by its host. Host-based IDSs can be disabled by certain denial-of-service attacks. CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing

B Explanation: Host-based IDSs use the computing resources of the hosts they are monitoring, therefore inflicting a performance cost on the monitored systems.

D Explanation: Application-based IDSs are a special subset of host-based IDSs that analyze the events transpiring within a software application. The most common information sources used by application-based IDSs are the application's transaction log files.

D Explanation: Once IDSs have obtained event information and analyzed it to find symptoms of attacks, they generate responses. Some of these responses involve reporting results and findings to a pre-specified location. Others involve more active automated responses. Though CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing researchers are tempted to underrate the importance of good response functions in IDSs, they are actually very important. Commercial IDSs support a wide range of response options, often categorized as active responses, passive responses, or some mixture of the two.

A Explanation: Alarms and notifications are generated by IDSs to inform users when attacks are detected. Most commercial IDSs allow users a great deal of latitude in determining how and when alarms are generated and to whom they are displayed. The most common form of alarm is an onscreen alert or popup window. This is displayed on the IDS console or on other systems as specified by the user during the configuration of the IDS. The information provided in the alarm message varies widely, ranging from a notification that an intrusion has taken place to extremely detailed messages outlining the IP addresses of the source and target of the attack, the specific attack tool used to gain access, and the outcome of the attack. Another set of options that are of utility to large or distributed organizations are those involving remote notification of alarms or alerts. These allow organizations to configure the IDS so that it sends alerts to cellular phones and pagers carried by incident response teams or system security personnel.

A Explanation: Several tools exist that complement IDSs and are often labeled as intrusion detection products by vendors since they perform similar functions. They are Vulnerability CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing Analysis Systems, File Integrity Checkers, Honey Pots, and Padded Cells. "IDS-Related Tools Intrusion detection systems are often deployed in concert with several other components. These IDS-related tools expand the usefulness and capabilities of IDSs and make IDSs more efficient and less prone to false positives. These tools include honey pots, padded cells, and vulenerability scanners." Pg. 46 Tittel: CISSP Study Guide

B Explanation: Padded cells take a different approach. Instead of trying to attract attackers with tempting data, a padded cell operates in tandem with traditional IDS. When the IDS detect attackers, it seamlessly transfers then to a special padded cell host.

B CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing Explanation: Disadvantages of Knowledge-based ID systems: This system is resources- intensive; the knowledge database continually needs maintenance and updates New, unique, or original attacks often go unnoticed.Disadvantages of Behavior-based ID systems: The system is characterized by high false alarm rates. High positives are the most common failure of ID systems and can create data noise that makes the system unusable. The activity and behavior of the users while in the networked system might not be static enough to effectively implement a behavior-based ID system. -Ronald Krutz The CISSP PREP Guide (gold edition) pg 88

A Explanation: There are two primary approaches to analyzing events to detect attacks: misuse detection and anomaly detection. Misuse detection, in which the analysis targets something known to be "bad", is the technique used by most commercial systems. Anomaly detection, in which the analysis looks for abnormal patterns of activity, has been, and continues to be, the subject of a great deal of research. Anomaly detection is used in limited form by a number of IDSs. There are strengths and weaknesses associated with each approach, and it appears that the most effective IDSs use mostly misuse detection methods with a smattering of anomaly detection components. CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing

B Explanation: Misuse detectors analyze system activity, looking for events or sets of events that match a predefined pattern of events that describe a known attack. As the patterns corresponding to known attacks are called signatures, misuse detection is sometimes called "signature-based detection." The most common form of misuse detection used in commercial products specifies each pattern of events corresponding to an attack as a separate signature. However, there are more sophisticated approaches to doing misuse detection (called "state-based" analysis techniques) that can leverage a single signature to detect groups of attacks.

C Explanation: Misuse detectors can only detect those attacks they know about - therefore they must be constantly updated with signatures of new attacks. Many misuse detectors are designed to use tightly defined signatures that prevent them from detecting variants of common attacks. State-based misuse detectors can overcome this limitation, but are not commonly used in commercial IDSs.

C Explanation: Anomaly detectors identify abnormal unusual behavior (anomalies) on a host or network. They function on the assumption that attacks are different from "normal" (legitimate) activity and can therefore be detected by systems that identify these differences. Anomaly detectors construct profiles representing normal behavior of users, hosts, or network connections. These profiles are constructed from historical data collected over a period of normal operation. The detectors then collect event data and use a variety of measures to determine when monitored activity deviates from the norm.

A "A network-based IDS has little negative affect on overall network performance, and because it is deployed on a single-purpose system, it doesn't adversely affect the performance of any other computer." Pg 34 Krutz: CISSP Prep Guide: Gold Edition.

D To make violation tracking effective, clipping levels must be established. A clipping level is a baseline of user activity that is considered a routine level of user errors. When a clipping level is exceeded, a violation record is then produced. Clipping levels are also used for variance detection. -Ronald Krutz The CISSP PREP Guide (gold edition) pg 318

B Accountability is another facet of access control. Individuals on a system are responsible for their actions. This accountability property enables system activities to be traced to the proper individuals. Accountability is supported by audit trails that record events on the system and on the network. Audit trails can be used for intrusion detection and for the reconstruction of past events. -Ronald Krutz The CISSP PREP Guide (gold edition) pg 65

C "Auditing capabilities ensure that users are accountable for their actions, verify that the security polices are enforced, and are used as investigation tools." Pg 161 Shon Harris: All-in-One CISSP Certification

D Auditing capabilities ensure that users are accountable for their actions, verify that the security policies are enforced, worked as a deterrent to improper actions, and are used as investigation tools. - Shon Harris All-in-one CISSP Certification Guide pg 182

C Explanation: Keep audit trail of password usage; log all Successful logon, Unsuccessful logon, Date, Time, ID, Login name. Control maximum logon attempt rate where possible.Where possible users must be automatically logged off after 30 minutes of inactivity.

B CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing Auditing tools are technical controls that track activity within a network on a network device or on a specific computer. Even though auditing is not an activity that will deny an entity access to a network or computer, it will track activities so a network administrator can understand the types of access that took place, identify a security breach, or warn the administrator of suspicious activity. This can be used to point out weakness of their technical controls and help administrators understand where changes need to be made to preserve the necessary security level within the environment. . - Shon Harris All-in-one CISSP Certification Guide pg 179-180

D Explanation: The level of logging will be according to your company requirements. Below is a list of items that could be logged, please note that some of the items may not be applicable to all operating systems. What is being logged depends on whether you are looking for performance problems or security problems. However you have to be careful about performance problems that could affect your security.

A Explanation: The level of logging will be according to your company requirements. Below is a list of items that could be logged, please note that some of the items may not be applicable to all operating systems. What is being logged depends on whether you are looking for performance problems or security problems. However you have to be careful about performance problems that could affect your security.

B Explanation: Request for the following services should be logged: systat, bootp, tftp, sunrpc, snmp, snmp-trap, nfs.

D "Testing of software modules or unit testing should be addressed when the modules are being designed. Personnel separate from the programmers should conduct this testing. The test data is part of the specifications. Testing should not only check the modules using normal and valid input data, but it should also check for incorrect types, out-of-range values, and other bounds and/or conditions. Live or actual field data is not recommended for use in the testing procedures because both data types might not cover out-of-range situations and the correct outputs of the test are unknown. Special test suites of data that exercise all paths of the software to the fullest extent possible and whose corrected resulting outputs are known beforehand should be used." Pg. 345 Krutz: The CISSP Prep Guide: Gold Edition.

D Explanation: Logs must be secured to prevent modification, deletion, and destruction. Only authorized persons should have access or permission to read logs. A person is authorized if he or she is a member of the internal audit staff, security staff, system administration staff, or he or she has a need for such access to perform regular duties.

C Explanation: All logs collected are used in the active and passive monitoring process. All logs are kept on archive for a period of time. This period of time will be determined by your company policies. This allows the use of logs for regular and annual audits if retention is longer then a year. Logs must be secured to prevent modification, deletion, and destruction.

C Explanation: All logs collected are used in the active and passive monitoring process. All logs are kept on archive for a period of time. This period of time will be determined by your company policies. This allows the use of logs for regular and annual audits if retention is longer then a year. Logs must be secured to prevent modification, deletion, and destruction. CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing

A Explanation: The following pre-requisite must be met to ensure dependable and secure logging: All computers must have their clock synchronized to a central timeserver to ensure accurate time on events being logged. If possible all logs should be centralized for easy analysis and also to help detect patterns of abuse across servers. Logging information traveling on the network must be encrypted if possible. Log files are stored and protected on a machine that has a hardened shell. Log files must not be modifiable without a trace or record of such modification.

B Explanation: The following pre-requisite must be met to ensure dependable and secure logging: All computers must have their clock synchronized to a central timeserver to ensure accurate time on events being logged. If possible all logs should be centralized for easy analysis and also to help detect patterns of abuse across servers. Logging information traveling on the network must be encrypted if possible. Log files are stored and protected on a machine that has a hardened shell. Log files must not be modifiable without a trace or record of such modification.

A Explanation: Logging is the activity that consists of collecting information that will be used for monitoring and auditing. Detailed logs combined with active monitoring allow detection of security issues before they negatively affect your systems.

B Explanation: Usually logging is done 24 hours per day, 7 days per week, on all available systems and CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing services except during the maintenance window where some of the systems and services may not be available while maintenance is being performed.

A Explanation: The following file changes, conditions, and events are logged: .rhosts. UNIX Kernel. /etc/password. rc directory structure. bin files. lib files. Use of Setuid. Use of Setgid. Change of permission on system or critical files.

B Explanation: The following firewall configuration problem are logged: Reboot of the firewall. Proxies that cannot start (e.g. Within TIS firewall). Proxies or other important services that have died or restarted. Changes to firewall configuration file. A configuration or system error while firewall is running. CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing

A Reference: pg 5 Tittel: CISSP Study Guide

B Explanation: The principle of accountability has been described in many reference; it is a principle by which specific action can be traced back to an individual. As mentioned by Idrach, any significant action should be traceable to a specific user. The definition of "Significant" is entirely dependant on your business circumstances and risk management model. It was also mentioned by Rino that tracing the actions of a specific user is fine but we must also be able to ascertain that this specific user was responsible for the uninitiated action.

C Explanation: The principle of accountability has been described in many reference; it is a CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing principle by which specific action can be traced back to an individual. As mentioned by Idrach, any significant action should be traceable to a specific user. The definition of "Significant" is entirely dependant on your business circumstances and risk management model. It was also mentioned by Rino that tracing the actions of a specific user is fine but we must also be able to ascertain that this specific user was responsible for the uninitiated action.

D Explanation: The principle of accountability has been described in many reference; it is a principle by which specific action can be traced back to an individual. As mentioned by Idrach, any significant action should be traceable to a specific user. The definition of "Significant" is entirely dependant on your business circumstances and risk management model. It was also mentioned by Rino that tracing the actions of a specific user is fine but we must also be able to ascertain that this specific user was responsible for the uninitiated action.

A "Identification is the process by which a subject professes an identify and accountability is initiated." Pg 149 Tittel: CISSP Study Guide "Identification and authentication are the keystones of most access control systems. Identification is the act of a user professing an identify to a system, usually in the form of a log-on ID to the system. Identification establishes user accountability for the actions on the system. Authentication is verification that the user's claimed identity is valid and is usually implemented through a user password at log-on time." Pg 36 Krutz: The CISSP Prep Guide CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing

D Explanation: Three types of computer attacks are most commonly reported by IDSs: system scanning, denial of service (DOS), and system penetration. These attacks can be launched locally, on the attacked machine, or remotely, using a network to access the target. An IDS operator must understand the differences between these types of attacks, as each requires a different set of responses.

D Reference: pg 306 Krutz: CISSP Study Guide: Gold Edition

D "Official Definition of Configuration Management Identifying, controlling, accounting for and auditing changes made to the baseline TCB, which includes changes to hardware, software, and firmware. A System that will control changes and test documentation through the operational life cycle of a system." Pg 698 Shon Harris: All-in-One CISSP Certification "[B3] The security administrator role is clearly defined, and the system must be able to recover from failures without its security level being compromised." Pg. 226 Shon Harris CISSP All-In-One Exam Guide CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing

B "The primary security goal of configuration management is to ensure that changes to the system do not unintentionally diminish security." Pg 306 Krutz: CISSP Prep Guide: Gold Edition.

D Configuration management is the process of tracking and approving changes to a system. It involves identifying, controlling, and auditing all changes made to the system. Pg. 223 Krutz: The CISSP Prep Guide

A Explanation: If the computer system being used or to which a user is connected contains sensitive or confidential information, users must not leave their computer, terminal, or workstation without first logging off. Users should be reminded frequently to follow this rule. CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing

C Explanation: Separation of duties is considered valuable in deterring fraud since fraud can occur if an opportunity exists for collaboration between various jobs related capabilities. Separation of duty requires that for particular sets of transactions, no single individual be allowed to execute all transactions within the set. The most commonly used examples are the separate transactions needed to initiate a payment and to authorize a payment. No single individual should be capable of executing both transactions.

D Explanation: Separation of duty can be either static or dynamic. Compliance with static separation requirements can be determined simply by the assignment of individuals to roles and allocation of transactions to roles. The more difficult case is dynamic separation of duty where compliance with requirements can only be determined during system operation. The objective behind dynamic separation of duty is to allow more flexibility in operations.

C Mandatory vacations are another type of administrative control that may sound a bit odd at first. Chapter 3 touches on reasons to make sure that employees take their vacations; this has to do with being able to identify fraudulent activities and enable job rotation to take place. - Shon Harris All-in-one CISSP Certification Guide pg 810

A Explanation: Reference: ALL-IN-ONE CISSP Third Edition by Shon Harris Pg 783.

C "Before the employee is released, all organization-specific identification, access, or security badges as well as cards, keys, and access tokens should be collected." Pg. 173 Tittel: CISSP Study Guide

A Explanation: "In the concept of two-man control, two operators review and approve the work of each other. The purpose of two-man control is to provide accountability and to minimize fraud in highly sensitive or high-risk transactions. The concept of dual control means that both operators are needed to complete a sensitive task." Pg. 303 Krutz: The CISSP Prep Guide: Gold Edition.

C Explanation: Each user assigned directory (home directory) is not to be shared with others. None of the choices is correct.

B Explanation: A record of user logins with time and date stamps must be kept. User accounts shall be disabled and data kept for a specified period of time as soon as employment is terminated. All users must log on to gain network access.

C "Separation of duties (also called segregation of duties) assigns parts of tasks to different personnel. Thus if no single person has total control of the system's security mechanisms, the CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing theory is that no single person can completely compromise the system." Pg. 303 Krutz: The CISSP Prep Guide: Gold Edition

A Explanation: Job assignments should be changed periodically so that it is more difficult for users to collaborate to exercise complete control of a transaction and subvert it for fraudulent purposes. This principle is effective when used in conjunction with a separation of duties. Problems in effectively rotating duties usually appear in organizations with limited staff resources and inadequate training programs. Rotation pf duties will protect you against fraud; provide cross training to you employees, as well as assuring trained backup in case of emergencies.

A Explanation: Security Administration and Quality Assurance are the most similar tasks. Administrative Management: Administrative management is a very important piece of operational security. One aspect of administrative management is dealing with personnel issues. This includes separation of duties and job rotation. The objective of separation of duties is to ensure that one person acting alone cannot compromise the company's security in any way. High-risk activities should be broken up into different parts and distributed to different individuals. This way the company does not need to put a dangerously high level of trust on certain individuals and if fraud were to take place, collusion would need to be committed, meaning more than one person would have to be involved in the fraudulent activity. Separation of duties also helps to prevent many different types of mistakes that can take place if one person is performing a task from the beginning to the end. For instance, a programmer should not be the one to test her own code. A different person with a different job and agenda should perform functionality and integrity testing on the programmer's code because the programmer may have a focused view of what the program is supposed to accomplish and only test certain functions, input values, and in certain environments. Another example of separation of duties is the difference between the functions of a computer operator versus the functions of a system administrator. There must be clear cut lines drawn between system administrator duties and computer operator duties. This will vary from environment to environment and will depend on the level of security required within the environment. The system administrators usually have responsibility of performing backups and recovery procedures, setting permissions, adding and removing users, setting user clearance, and developing user profiles. The computer operator on the other hand, may be allowed to install software, set an initial password, alter desktop configurations, and modify certain system parameters. The computer operator should not be able to modify her own security profile, add and remove users globally, or set user security clearance. This would breach the concept of separation of duties. Pg 808-809 Shon Harris: All-In-One CISSP Certification

A The two most similar jobs are Data Entry and Job Scheduling, so they need not be segregated. Administrative Management: Administratative management is a very important piece of operational security. One aspect of administrative management is dealing with personnel issues. This includes separation of duties and job rotation. The objective of separation of duties is to ensure that one person acting alone cannot compromise the company's security in any way. High-risk activities should be broken up into different parts and distributed to different individuals. This way the company does not need to put a dangerously high level of trust on certain individuals and if fraud were to take place, collusion would need to be committed, meaning more than one person would have to be involved in the fraudulent activity. Separation of duties also helps to prevent many different types of mistakes that can take place if one person is performing a task from the beginning to the end. For instance, a programmer should not be the one to test her own code. A different person with a different job and agenda should perform functionality and integrity testing on the programmer's code because the programmer may have a focused view of what the program is supposed to accomplish and only test certain functions, input values, and in certain environments. Another example of separation of duties is the difference between the functions of a computer operator versus the functions of a system administrator. There must be clear cut lines drawn between system administrator duties and computer operator duties. This will vary from environment to environment and will depend on the level of security required within the environment. The system administrators usually have responsibility of performing backups and recovery procedures, setting permissions, adding and removing users, setting user clearance, and developing user profiles. The computer operator on the other hand, may be allowed to install software, set an initial password, alter desktop configurations, and modify certain system parameters. The computer operator should not be able to modify her own security profile, add and remove users globally, or set user security clearance. This would breach the concept of separation of duties. Pg 808-809 Shon Harris: All-In-One CISSP Certification Exam Guide

C Access Authorization and Database Administration are the most similar tasks of all the choices CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing so they need not be separated. Administrative Management: Administratative management is a very important piece of operational security. One aspect of administrative management is dealing with personnel issues. This includes separation of duties and job rotation. The objective of separation of duties is to ensure that one person acting alone cannot compromise the company's security in any way. High-risk activities should be broken up into different parts and distributed to different individuals. This way the company does not need to put a dangerously high level of trust on certain individuals and if fraud were to take place, collusion would need to be committed, meaning more than one person would have to be involved in the fraudulent activity. Separation of duties also helps to prevent many different types of mistakes that can take place if one person is performing a task from the beginning to the end. For instance, a programmer should not be the one to test her own code. A different person with a different job and agenda should perform functionality and integrity testing on the programmer's code because the programmer may have a focused view of what the program is supposed to accomplish and only test certain functions, input values, and in certain environments. Another example of separation of duties is the difference between the functions of a computer operator versus the functions of a system administrator. There must be clear cut lines drawn between system administrator duties and computer operator duties. This will vary from environment to environment and will depend on the level of security required within the environment. The system administrators usually have responsibility of performing backups and recovery procedures, setting permissions, adding and removing users, setting user clearance, and developing user profiles. The computer operator on the other hand, may be allowed to install software, set an initial password, alter desktop configurations, and modify certain system parameters. The computer operator should not be able to modify her own security profile, add and remove users globally, or set user security clearance. This would breach the concept of separation of duties. Pg 808-809 Shon Harris: All-In-One CISSP Certification

C "In addition to the CIA Triad, there is a plethora of other security-related concepts, principles, and tenants that should be considered and addressed when designing a security policy and deploying a security solution. This section discusses privacy, identification, authentication, authorization, accountability, nonrepudiation, and auditing." Pg. 133 Tittel: CISSP Study Guide

B Explanation: Detective Technical Controls warn of technical Access Control violations. Under this category you would find the following: Audit trails Violation reports CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing Intrusion detection system Honeypot

B Explanation: Detective Technical Controls warn of technical Access Control violations. Under this category you would find the following: Audit trails Violation reports Intrusion detection system Honeypot

C C is the one that makes the most sence. CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing [Operation Security] Detective Controls are used to detect an error once it has occurred. Unlike preventative controls, these controls operate after the fact and can be used to track an unauthorized transaction for prosecution, or to lessen an error's impact on the system by identifying it quickly. An example of this type of control is an audit trail. -Ronald Krutz The CISSP PREP Guide (gold edition) pg 299

C "Operation controls are the mechanisms and daily procedures that provide protection for systems." When designing a protection scheme for resources, it is important to keep the following aspects or elements of the IT infrastructure in mind: Communication hardware/software Boundary devices Processing equipment Password files Application program libraries Application source code Vendor software Operating System System Utilities Directories and address tables Proprietary packages Main storage Removable storage Sensitive/critical data System logs/audit trails Violation reports Backup files and media Sensitive forms and printouts Isolated devices, such as printers and faxes Telephone network" Pg 406-407 Tittel: CISSP Study Guide

B Audit Trails are under Operations Security Auditing opposed to Operations Security Operations Controls. "Operations Controls embody the day-to-day procedures used to protect computer operations. The concepts of resource protection, hardware/software control, and privileged entity must be understood by the CISSP candidate." Pg. 311 Krutz: The CISSP Prep Guide: Gold Edition

B Explanation: Access control is the collection of mechanisms that permits managers of a system to exercise a directing or restraining influence over the behavior, use, and content of a system. It permits management to specify what users can do, which resources they can access, and what operations they can perform on a system.

A Explanation: Access is the ability to do something with a computer resource (e.g., use, change, or view). Access control is the means by which the ability is explicitly enabled or restricted in some way (Usually through physical and system-based controls). Computer-based access controls can prescribe not only who or what process may have CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing access to a specific system resource, but also the type of access that is permitted. These controls may be implemented in the computer system or in external devices.

A Explanation: Access is the ability to do something with a computer resource (e.g., use, change, or view). Access control is the means by which the ability is explicitly enabled or restricted in some way (Usually through physical and system-based controls). Computer-based access controls can prescribe not only who or what process may have access to a specific system resource, but also the type of access that is permitted. These controls may be implemented in the computer system or in external devices.

C Explanation: There are several different categories of access control. The main categories are: --Physical Access Control --Administrative Access Control --Logical Access Control --Data Access Control

D Explanation: Access control is a bit like the four legs of a chair. Each of the legs must be equal or else an imbalance will be created. If you have very strict Physical Access controls but very poor Logical Access Controls then you may not succeed in securing your environment.

D Explanation: Detective Technical Controls warn of technical Access Control violations. Under this category you would find the following: Audit trails Violation reports Intrusion detection system Honeypot

D Explanation: By technical controls we mean some or all of the following: Access Control software Antivirus Software Passwords Smart Cards Encryption Call-back systems Two factor authentication

B CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing Explanation: By technical controls we mean some or all of the following: Access Control software Antivirus Software Passwords Smart Cards Encryption Call-back systems Two factor authentication

D Explanation: Preventive Technical Controls are the technical ways of restricting who or what can access system resources and what type of access is permitted. Its purpose is to protect the OS and other systems from unauthorized modification or manipulation. It is usually built into an operating system, or it can be a part of an application or program, or an add-on security package, or special components to regulate communication between computers. It also protects the integrity and availability by limiting the number of users and/or processes. These controls also protect confidential information from being disclosed to unauthorized persons.

B Explanation: Preventive Technical Controls are the technical ways of restricting who or what can access system resources and what type of access is permitted. Its purpose is to protect the OS and other systems from unauthorized modification or manipulation. It is usually built into an operating system, or it can be a part of an application or program, or an add-on security package, or special components to regulate communication between computers. It also protects the integrity and availability by limiting the number of users and/or processes. These controls also protect confidential information from being disclosed to unauthorized persons.

A Explanation: There are different types of access control. Access controls can be categorized as follows: Preventive (in order to avoid occurrence) Detective (in order to detect or identify occurrences) Deterrent (in order to discourage occurrences) Corrective (In order to correct or restore controls) Recovery (in order to restore resources, capabilities, or losses)

A Explanation: CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing There are different types of access control. Access controls can be categorized as follows: Preventive (in order to avoid occurrence) Detective (in order to detect or identify occurrences) Deterrent (in order to discourage occurrences) Corrective (In order to correct or restore controls) Recovery (in order to restore resources, capabilities, or losses)

C Explanation: There are different types of access control. Access controls can be categorized as follows: Preventive (in order to avoid occurrence) Detective (in order to detect or identify occurrences) Deterrent (in order to discourage occurrences) Corrective (In order to correct or restore controls) Recovery (in order to restore resources, capabilities, or losses)

C Explanation: There are different types of access control. Access controls can be categorized as follows: Preventive (in order to avoid occurrence) Detective (in order to detect or identify occurrences) Deterrent (in order to discourage occurrences) CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing Corrective (In order to correct or restore controls) Recovery (in order to restore resources, capabilities, or losses)

B The original answer for this question was C (assess the communications network security) however I think the concentric circle is defining what in the krutz book is know as the security perimeter. To this end this is a reference "A circular security perimeter that is under the access control defines the area or zone to be protected. Preventive/physical controls include fences, badges, multiple doors (man-traps that consists of two doors physically separated so that an individual can be 'trapped' in the space between the doors after entering one of the doors), magnetic card entry systems, biometrics (for identification), guards, dogs, environmental control systems (temperature, humidity, and so forth), and building and access area layout." -Ronald Krutz The CISSP PREP Guide (gold edition) pg 13 This is a standard concentric circle model shown in Figure 1 . If you've never seen this, you haven't had a security lecture. On the outside is our perimeter. We are fortunate to have some defenses on our base. Although some bases don't have people guarding the gates and checking IDs any longer, there's still the perception that it's tougher to commit a crime on a Naval base than it would be at GM. The point is: How much control do we have over fencing and guards? The answer: Not much. The next circle, the red circle, contains your internal access controls. For our purposes, the heart of the red circle is the computer. That's what I want to zero in on. The internal controls are the things you can do to keep people out of your PCs and off your network. http://www.chips.navy.mil/archives/96_oct/file5.htm

D A CCTV enables a guard to monitor many different areas at once from a centralized location.- Shon Harris All-in-one CISSP Certification Guide pg 179-180 CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing

A Explanation: Detective Physical Controls would use the following: motion detectors, closed circuit TV, sensors, and alarms.

D Explanation: Detective Physical Controls would use the following: motion detectors, closed circuit TV, sensors, and alarms.

A We have not been able to find any reference to this question really. So we are going with A "In addition to smart and dumb cards, proximity readers can be used to control physical access. A proximity reader can be passive device, a field-powered device, or a transponder." - Ed Tittle CISSP Study Guide (sybex) pg 650

B "Preventive-Administrative The following are the soft mechanisms that are put into place to enforce access control and protection for the company as a whole: Policies and procedures Effective hiring practices Pre-employment background checks Controlled termination processes Data classification and labeling Security awareness" Pg. 157 Shon Harris: All-In-One CISSP Certification Guide.

D Explanation: Audio detector detects sound not motion Not A: A photoelectric sensor is a motion sensor that's what it was designed to do.

C Explanation: Detective Physical Controls would use the following: motion detectors, closed circuit TV, sensors, and alarms.

C Reference: "2.4 meters/8 feet with top guard: Deters determined intruder". Pg 467 Hansche: Official (ISC)2 Guide to the CISSP Exam

B The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) standard pertaining to perimeter protection states that critical areas should be illuminated eight feet high and two feet out. (It is referred to as two-feet candles that reach eight feet in height) - Shon Harris All-in-one CISSP Certification Guide pg 325

A Reference: pg 496 Hansche: Official (ISC)2 Guide to the CISSP Exam

B Reference: http://www.fireline.com/fl_fm200firesuppression.html FM-200 Systems FM-200 Fire Suppression Systems - Halon Alternatives Fire Protection Systems FM200 is a fire suppression system agent manufactured by Great Lakes Chemical. How FM200 Suppresses Fire FM200 suppresses fire by discharging as a gas onto the surface of combusting materials. Large amounts of heat energy are absorbed from the surface of the burning material, lowering it's temperature below the ignition point. FM200 Fire Suppression Systems and the Environment FM200 fire suppression systems have low atmospheric lifetimes, global warming, and ozone depletion potentials. Unlike Halon 1301 fire suppression systems, FM200 systems are environmentally friendly. They provide an effective, safe method of special hazards fire suppression where a non-residue producing clean agent is essential.

A "Fire Extinguisher Classes Class Type Suppression Material A Common combustibles Water, soda acid (dry powder) B Liquids CO2 , Halon, soda acid C Electrical CO2, Halon" Pg. 578 Tittel: CISSP Study Guide

D Protection of life is of the utmost importance and should be dealt with first before looking to save material objects. . - Shon Harris All-in-one CISSP Certification Guide pg 625

D "Occupant Emergency Plan (OEP). The OEP is a document providing coordinated procedures for minimizing loss of life or injury and protecting property damage in response to a physical threat. It does not necessarily deal with business systems or IT system functionality, but rather focuses on personnel and property at a specific facility." Pg 666 Hansche: Official (ISC)2 Guide to the CISSP Exam CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing

C Protection of life is of the utmost importance and should be dealt with first before looking to save material objects. - Shon Harris All-in-one CISSP Certification Guide pg 625

D Personal safety goes way above and beyond all other things, unless you're a rescue worker, and even then safety is still priority #1. Recovering critical functions and down time are not the MOST important concerns; Data can be recovered, a potential life loss cannote be Making Personal safety of the utmost important.

A "In order to set up and manage Sas on the Internet, a standard format called the Internet Security Association and Key Management Protocol (ISAKMP) was established. ISAKMP provides for secure key exchange and data authentication. However, ISAKMP is independent of the authentication protocols, security protocols, and encryption algorithms. Strictly speaking, a combination of three protocols is used to define key management for IPSEC. These protocols are ISAKMP, Secure Key Exchange Mechanism (SKEME) and Oakley. When combined and applied to IPSEC, these protocols are called the Internet Key Exchange (IKE) protocol." Pg. 222 Krutz: The CISSP Prep Guide: Gold Edition

A Because Ipsec is a framework, it does not dictate what hashing and encryption algorithms are to be used or how keys are to be exchanged between devices. Key management can be handled through manual process or automated a key management protocol. The Internet Security Association and Key management Protocol (ISAKMP) is an authentication and key exchange architecture that is independent of the type of keying mechanisms used. Pg 577 Shon Harris All-In-One CISSP Certification Exam Guide

A In a typical vpn using secret keys there would be one key at central office and the same key provided for each telecommuter, in this case 4. If the key was compromised, all 5 keys would have to be changed. "Secret key cryptography is the type of encryption that is familiar to most people. In this type of cryptography, the sender and receiver both know a secret key. The sender encrypts the plaintext message with the secret key, and the receiver decrypts the message with the same secret key." -Ronald Krutz The CISSP PREP Guide (gold edition) pg 194

B Reference: pg 117 Krutz

A "The major strength of symmetric key cryptography is the great speed at which it can operate. By the nature of the mathematics involved, symmetric key cryptography also naturally lends itself to hardware implementations, creating the opportunity for even higher-speed operations." Pg. 309 Tittel: CISSP Study Guide CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing

A "The Key Distribution Center (KDC) is the most import component within a Kerberos environment. The KDC holds all users' and services' cryptographic keys. It provides authentication services, as well as key distribution functionality. The clients and services trust the integrity of the KDC, and this trust is the foundation of Kerberos security." Pg. 148 Shon Harris CISSP All-In-One Certification Exam Guide 'The basic principles of Kerberos operation are as follows: 1.) The KDC knows the secret keys of all clients and servers on the network. 2.) The KDC initially exchanges information with the client and server by using these secret keys. 3.) Kerberos authenticates a client to a requested service on a server through TGS, and by using temporary symmetric session keys for communications between the client and KDC, the server and the KDC, and the client and server. 4.) Communication then takes place between the client and the server using those temporary session keys." Pg. 40 Krutz: The CISSP Prep Guide

A Reference: pg 243 Hansche: Official (ISC)2 Guide to the CISSP Exam

D "Each Clipper Chip has a unique serial number and an 80-bit unique unit or secret key. The unit key is divided into tow parts and is stored at two separate organizations with the serial number that uniquely identifies that particular Clipper Chip." Pg 166 Krutz: The CISSP Prep Guide

B Reference: "A one-time pad is an extremely powerful type of substitution cipher. One-time pads use a different alphabet for each letter of the plaintext message. Normally, one-time pads are written as a very long series of numbers to be plugged into the function. The great advantage to one-time pads is that, when used properly, they are an unbreakable encryption scheme. There is no repeating pattern of alphabetic substitution, redering cryptanalytic efforts useless. However, several requirements must be met to ensure the integrity of the algorithm: The encryption key must be randomly generated. Using a phrase or a passage from a book would introduce the possibility of cryptanalysts breaking the code. The one-time pad must be physically secured against disclosure. If the enemy has a copy of the pad, they can easily decrypt the enciphered messages. Each one-time pad must be used only once. If pads are reused, cryptanalysts can compare similarities in multiple messages encrypted with the same pad and possibly determine the key values used. The key must be at least as long as the message to be encrypted. This is because each key element is used to encode only one character of the message. Pg. 304-305 Tittel: CISSP Study Guide CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing

D "In symmetric key cryptography, a single secret key is used between entities, wheareas in public key systems, each entity has different keys, or asymmetric keys." Pg 476 Shon Harris CISSP Certification All-in-One Exam Guide

D Reference: pg 117 Krutz: CISSP Prep Guide: Gold Edition

A CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing Link encryption encrypts all the data along a specific communication path like a satellite link, T3 line, or telephone circuit. Not only is the user information encrypted, but the header, trailers, addresses, and routing data hat are part of the packets are also encrypted. This provides extra protection against packet sniffers and eavesdroppers. - Shon Harris All-in-one CISSP Certification Guide pg 560

B The sender of an email is responsible for encryption if security is desired. A bank that sends data across web is responsible to utilize a secure protocol.

D 2 to the power of 40 = 1099511627776 2 to the power of 56 = 72057594037927936 72057594037927936 / 1099511627776 = 65,536

D "Cryptography can be used as a security mechanism to provide confidentiality, integrity, and authentication, but not if the keys are compromised in any way. The keys can be captured, modified, corrupted, or disclosed to unauthorized individuals. Cryptography is based on a trust mode. Individuals trust each other to protect their own keys, they trust the administrator who is maintaining the keys, and they trust a server that holds, maintains and distributes the keys. Many administrators know that key management causes one of the biggest headaches in cryptographic implementation. There is more to key maintenance than using them to encrypt messages. The keys have to be distributed securely to the right entities and updated continuously. The keys need to be protected as they are being transmitted and while they are being stored on each workstation and server. The keys need to be generated, destroyed, and recovered properly, Key management can be handled through manual or automatic processes. Unfortunately, many companies use cryptographic keys, but rarely if ever change them. This is because of the hassle of key management and because the network administrator is already CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing overtaxed with other tasks or does not realize the task actually needs to take place. The frequency of use of a cryptographic key can have a direct correlation to often the key should be changed. The more a key is used, the more likely it is to be captured and compromised. If a key is used infrequently, then this risk drops dramatically. The necessary level of security and the frequency of use can dictate the frequency of the key updates. Key management is the most challenging part of cryptography and also the most crucial. It is one thing to develop a very complicated and complex algorithm and key method, but if the keys are not securely stored and transmitted, it does not really matter how strong the algorithm is. Keeping keys secret is a challenging task." Pg 512-513 Shon Harris CISSP Certification All-In-One Exam Guide

B Reference: pg 218 Krutz: CISSP Prep Guide: Gold Edition

C "Hash Functions ....how cryptosystems implement digital signatures to provide proof that a message originated from a particular user of a cryptosystem and to ensure that the message was not modified while in transit between the two parties." Pg. 292 Tittel: CISSP Study Guide Second Edition "integrity A state characterized by the assurance that modifications are not made by unauthorized users and authorized users do not make unauthorized modifications." Pg. 616 Tittel: CISSP Study Guide Second Edition

A "MD4 MD4 is a one-way hash function designed by Ron Rivest. It produces 128-bit hash, or message digest, values. It is used for high-speed computation in software implementations and is optimized for microprocessors. MD5 MD5 is the newer version of MD4. It still produces a 128-bit hash, but the algorithm is more CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing complex, which makes it harder to break. MD5 added a fourth round of operations to be performed during the hashing functions and makes several of it mathematical operations carry out more steps or more complexity to provide a higher level of security. MD2 MD2 is also a 128-bit one-way hash designed by Ron Rivest. It is not necessarily any weaker than the previously mentioned hash functions, but is much slower. SHA SHA was designed by NIST and NSA to be used with DSS. The SHA was designed to be used with digital signatures and was developed when a more secure hashing algorithm was required for federal application. SHA produces a 160-bit hash value, or message digest. This is then inputted into the DSA, which computes the signature for a message. The message digest is signed instead of the whole message because it is a much quicker process. The sender computes a 160-bit hash value, encrypts it with his private key (signs it), appends it to the message, and sends it. The receiver decrypts the value with the sender's public key, runs the same hashing function, and compares the two values. If the values are the same, the receiver can be sure that the message has not been tampered with in transit. SHA is similar to MD4. It has some extra mathematical functions and produces a 160-bit hash instead of 128-bit, which makes it more resistant to brute force attacks, including birthday attacks. HAVAL HAVAL is a variable-length one-way hash function and is the modification of MD5. It processes message blocks twice the size of those used in MD5; thus it processes blocks of 1,024 bits. Pg. 508-509 Shon Harris CISSP Certification All-In-One Exam Guide

B Reference: pg 468 Shon Harris: All-in-One CISSP Certification CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing

A "The Caesar Cipher,...., is a simple substitution cipher that involves shifting the alphabet three positions to the right. The Caesar Cipher is a subset of the Vigenere polyalphabetic cipher. In the Caesar cipher, the message's characters and repetitions of the key are added together, modulo 26. In modulo 26, the letters A to Z of the alphabet are given a value of 0 to 25, respectively." Pg. 189 Krutz: The CISSP Prep Guide: Gold Edition

C "Classical Ciphers: Substitution Transposition (Permutation) Vernam (One-Time Pad) Book or Running Key Codes Steganography" Pg 189-193 Krutz: CISSP Prep Guide: Gold Edition.

C CBC is the CBC mode of some block cipher, HMAC is a keyed message digest, MD is a plain message digest, and timestamp is to protect against replay attacks. From the OpenSSL project http://www.mail-archive.com/openssl-users@openssl.org/msg23576.html

C "Strong and efficient block cryptosystems use random key values so an attacker cannot find a pattern as to which S-boxes are chosen and used." Pg. 481 Shon Harris CISSP Certification All-in-One Exam Guide Not A: "When a block cipher algorithm is used for encryption and decryption purposes, the message is divided into blocks of bits. These blocks are then put through substitution, transposition, and other mathematical functions, on block at a time." Pg. 480 Shon Harris CISSP Certification All-in-One Exam Guide Not B: "Block ciphers are easier to implement in software because they work with blocks of data that the software is used to work with." Pg 483 Shon Harris CISSP Certification All-in-One Exam Guide Not D: "This encryption continues until the plaintext is exhausted." Pg. 196 Krutz The CISSP Prep Guide. Not A or D: "When a block a block cipher algorithm is used for encryption and decryption purposes, the message is divided into blocks of bits. These blocks are then put through substitution, transposition, and other mathematical functions, one block at a time." Pg 480 Shon Harris: All-in-One CISSP Certification

C "There are two main types of symmetric algorithms: stream and block ciphers. Like their names sound, block ciphers work on blocks of plaintext and ciphertext, whereas stream ciphers work on streams of plaintext and ciphertext, on bit or byte at a time. Pg 521. Shon Harris CISSP All-In-One Certification Exam Guide Cipher Block Chaining (CBC) operates with plaintext blocks of 64 bits. ....Note that in this mode, errors propogate." Pg 149 Krutz: The CISSP Prep Guide

A The original Answer was B. This is incorrect as cipthertext is the result not an authentication code. "If meaningful plaintext is not automatically recognizable, a message authentication code (MAC) can be computed and appended to the message. The computation is a function of the entire message and a secret key; it is practically important to find another message with the same authenticator. The receiver checks the authenticity of the message by computing the MAC using the same secret key and then verifying that the computed value is the same as the one transmitted with the message. A MAC can be used to provide authenticity for unencrypted messages as well as for encrypted ones. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has adopted a standard for computing a MAC. (It is found in Computer Data Authentication, Federal Information Processing Standards Publication (FIPS PUB) 113.)" http://www.cccure.org/Documents/HISM/637-639.html from the Handbook of Information Security Management by Micki Krause

C "Strong and efficient block cryptosystems use random key values so an attacker cannot find a pattern as to which S-boxes are chosen and used." Pg. 481 Shon Harris CISSP Certification All-in-One Exam Guide Not A: "When a block cipher algorithm is used for encryption and decryption purposes, the message is divided into blocks of bits. These blocks are then put through substitution, transposition, and other mathematical functions, on block at a time." Pg. 480 Shon Harris CISSP Certification All-in-One Exam Guide Not B: "Block ciphers are easier to implement in software because they work with blocks of data that the software is used to work with." Pg 483 Shon Harris CISSP Certification All-in-One Exam Guide Not D: "This encryption continues until the plaintext is exhausted." Pg. 196 Krutz The CISSP Prep Guide.

D CISSP All-In-One - page 491: "In most cases, the longer the key length, the more protection provided, but ECC can provide the same level of protection with a key size that is smaller than what RSA requires." CISSP Prep Guide (not Gold edition) - page 158: "... smaller key sizes in the elliptic curve implementation can yield higher levels of security. For example, an elliptic curve key of 160 bits is equivalent to 1024-bit RSA key."

B Not: A, C or D. "Hash Functions SHA MD2 MD4 MD5" Pg. 337- 340 Tittel: CISSP Study Guide DSA, Digital Signature Algorithm, is a approved standard for Digital Signatures that utilizes SHA-1 hashing function. Pg. 342-343 Tittel: CISSP Study Guide

A "RSA, named after its inventors Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir, and Leonard Adleman, is a public key algorithm that is the most popular when it comes to asymmetric algorithms. RSA is a worldwide de facto standard and can be used for digital signatures, key exchange, and encryption." Pg. 489 Shon Harris: All-In-One CISSP Certification Exam Guide

A "When the DES algorithm is applied to data, it divides the message into blocks and operates on them one at a time. A block is made of 64 bits and is divided in half and each character is encrypted one at a time. The characters are put through 16 rounds of transposition and substitution functions. The order and type of transposition and substitution function depend on the value of the key that is inputted into the algorithm. The result is the 64-bit block of ciphertext." Pg. 526 Shon Harris: CISSSP All-In-One Certification Guide

C "Hashed Algorithms SHA-1 HMAC-SHA-1 MD5 HMAC-MD5" Pg 426 Hansche: Official (ISC)2 Guide to the CISSP Exam

B SHA-1 is a hash algorithm opposed to encryption algorithm. Reference: pg 293 Tittel: CISSP Study Guide

D Merkle-Hellman Knapsack is a Public Key Algorithm Pg 206 Krutz: CISSP Prep Guide: Gold Edition. CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing Not A: "DES describes the Data Encryption Algorithm (DEA) and is the name of the Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) 46-1 that was adopted in 1977..." pg 195 Krutz: CISSP Prep Guide: Gold Edition. Not B: "The best-known symmetric key system is probably the Data Encryption Standard (DES)." pg 195 Krutz: CISSP Prep Guide: Gold Edition. Not C: "The German military used a polyalphabetic substitution cipher machine called the Enigma as its principal encipherment system during World War II." Pg 185 Krutz: CISSP Prep Guide: Gold Edition.

B Reference: pg 489 Shon Harris

B Reference: pg 201 Krutz: CISSP Prep Guide: Gold Edition

C This algorithm is based on the difficulty of factoring a number, N, which is the product of two large prime numbers. -Ronald Krutz The CISSP PREP Guide (gold edition) pg 204 CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing

C Reference: pg 416 Hansche: Official (ISC)2 Guide to the CISSP Exam

A,D,G PGP provides confidentiality, integrity, and authenticity.

B "PGP does not use a hierarchy of Cas, or any type of formal trust certificates, but relies on a "web of trust" in its key management approach. Each user generates and distributes his or her public key, and users sign each other's public keys, which creates a community of users who trust each other. This is different than the CA approach where no one trusts each other, they only trust the CA.

B I think it may be D two for each acquirer. Which unless I read it wrong it means each person must have 2 certificates exchanged with the gateway. "SET uses a des symmetric key system for encryption of the payment information and uses rsa for the symmetric key exchange and digital signatures. SET covers the end-to-end transaction from the cardholder to the financial institution". -Ronald Krutz The CISSP PREP Guide (gold edition) pg 219-220 In the SET environment, there exists a hierarchy of Certificate Authorities. The SET protocol specifies a method of entity authentication referred to as trust chaining. This method entails the exchange of digital certificates and verification of the public keys by validating the digital signatures of the issuing C A. This trust chain method continues all the way up to the CA at the top of the hierarchy, which is referred to as the SET Root C A. The SET Root CAis owned and maintained by SET Secure Electronic Transaction LLC. http://setco.org/certificates.html

A "Eliptic curves are rich mathematical structures that have shown usefulness in many different types of applications. An Elliptic Curve Cryptosystem (ECC) provides much of the same functionality that RSA provides: digital signatures, secure key distribution, and encryption. One differing factor is ECC's efficiency. Some devices have limited processing capacity, storage, power supply, and bandwidth like wireless devices and cellular telephones. With these types of devices, efficiency of resource use is very important. ECC provides encryption functionality requiring a smaller percentage of resources required by RSA and other algorithms, so it is used in these types of devices. In most cases, the longer the key length, the protection provided, but ECC can provide the same level of protection with a key size that is smaller than what RSA requires. Because longer keys require more resources to perform mathematical tasks, the smaller keys used in ECC require fewer resources of the device." Pg. 491 Shon Harris: All-In-One CISSP Certification Guide.

A A tool used to provide the authentication of the sender of a message. It can verify the origin of the message along with the identity of the sender. IT is unique for every transaction and created with a private key. - Shon Harris All-in-one CISSP Certification Guide pg 930 "Secure Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (S/MIME) offers authentication and privacy to e-mail through secured attachments. Authentication is provided through X.509 digital certificates. Privacy is provided through the use of Public Key Cryptography Standard (PKCS) Enryption. Two types of messages can be formed using S/MIME: signed messages and enveloped messages. A signed message provides integrity and sender authentication. An CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing enveloped message provides ntegrity, sender authentication, and confidentiality." Pg 123 Tittle: CISSP Study Guide

C Pg 213 Krutz Gold Edition

A If the two values are different, Maureen knows that the message was altered, either intentionally or unintentionally, and she discards the message...As stated in an earlier section, the goal of using a one-way hash function is to provide a fingerprint of the message. MD5 is the newer version of MD4. IT still produces a 128-bit hash, but the algorithm is a bit more complex to make it harder to break than MD4. The MD5 added a fourth round of operations to be performed during the hash functions and makes several of its mathematical operations carry steps or more complexity to provide a higher level of security . - Shon Harris All-in-one CISSP Certification Guide pg 182-185

A The key word is 'In create the certificate.." Certificates that conform to X.509 contain the following data: Version of X.509 to which the certificate conforms; Serial number (from the certificate creator);Signature algorithm identifier (specifies the technique used by the certificate authority to digitally sign the contents of the certificate); Issuer name (identification of the certificate authority that issues the certificate) Validity period (specifies the dates and times - a starting date and time and an ending date and time - during which the certificate is valid); Subject's name (contains the distinguished name, or DN, of the entity that owns the public key contained in the certificate); Subject's key (the meat of the certificate - the actual public key of the certificate owner used to setup secure communications) pg 343-344 CISSP Study Guide byTittel

A "Certificates that conform to X.509 contain the following data: Version of X.509 to which the certificate conforms Serial number Signature algorithm identifier Issuer name Validity period Subject's name (contains the distinguished name, or DN of the entity that owns the public key contained in the certificate) Subjects Public Key" Pg. 297 Tittel: CISSP Study Guide

A The key word is 'In create the certificate.." Certificates Certificates that conform to X.509 contain the following data: Version of X.509 to which the certificate conforms; Serial number (from the certificate cerator); Signature algorithm identifier (specifies the technique used by the certified authority to digitally sign the contents of the certificate); Issuer name (identification of the certificate authority that issues the certificate) Validity period (specifies the dates and times - a starting date and time and an ending date and time - during which the certificate is validated); Subject's name (contains the distinguished name, or DN, of the entity that owns the public key contained in teh certificate); Subject's public key (the meat of the certificate - the actual public key of the certificate owner used to setup secure communications) pg 343-344 CISSP Study Guide byTittel

D Digital certificates provide communicating parties with the assurance that they are communicating with people who truly are who they claim to be." Titel: CISSP Study Guide. pg 343. In this case, if the web server was a bank, you want to have a certificate confirming that they really are the bank before you authenticate with your username and password.

B Windows device drivers and operating system files have been digitally signed by Microsoft to ensure their quality. A Microsoft digital signature is your assurance that a particular file has met a certain level of testing, and that the file has not been altered or overwritten by another program's installation process. Depending on how your administrator has configured your computer, Windows either ignores CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing device drivers that are not digitally signed, displays a warning when it detects device drivers that are not digitally signed (the default behavior), or prevents you from installing device drivers without digital signatures. Windows includes the following features to ensure that your device drivers and system files remain in their original, digitally-signed state: Window Files Protection System File Checker File Signature Verification Windows XP help. Not A: operating system files are included. Not C: the setting can be changed in the GUI.

A Not C. Revoked certificates are not checked outside the certification path. "A Transaction with Digital Certificates 1.) Subscribing entity sends Digital Certificate Application to Certificate Authority. 2.) Certificate Authority issues Signed Digital Certificate to Subscribing Entity. 3.) Certificate Authority sends Certificate Transaction to Repository. 4.) Subscribing Entity Signs and sends to Party Transacting with Subscriber. 5.) Party Transacting with Subscriber queries Repository to verify Subscribers Public Key. 6.) Repository responds to Party Transacting with Subscriber the verification request." Pg. 214 Krutz: The CISSP Prep Guide: Gold Edition. "John needs to obtain a digital certificate for himself so that he can participate in a PKI, so he makes a request to the R A. The RA requests certain identification from John, like a copy of his driver's licens, his phone number, address, and other identification information. Once the RA receives the required informoration from John and verifies it, the RA sends his certificate request to the C A. The CA creates a certificate with John's public key and identify information embedded. (The private/public key pair is either generated by the CA or on John's machine, which depends on the systems' configurations. If it is created at the CA, his private key needs to be sent to him by secure means. In most cases the user generates this pair and sends in his public key during the registration process.) Now John is registered and can participate in PKI. John decides he wants to communicate with Diane, so he requests Diane's public key from a public directory. The directory, sometimes called a repository, sends Diane's public key, and John uses this to encrypt a session key that will be used to encrypt their messages. John sends the encrypted session key to Diane. Jon then sends his certificate, containing his public key, to CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing Diane. When Diane receives John's certificate, her browser looks to see if it trusts the CA that digitally signed this certificate. Diane's browser trusts this CA, and she makes a reques to the CA to see if this certificate is still valid. The CA responds that the certificate is valid, so Diane decrypts the session key with her private key. Now they can both communicate using encryption." Pg 499 Shon Harris: All-In-One CISSP Certification Guide.

B "Ciphertext-Only Attack In this type of attack, the attacker has the ciphertext of several messages. Each of the messages has been encrypted using the same encryption algorithm. The attacker's goal is to discover the key that was used in the encryption process. Once the attacker figures out the key, she can decrypt all other messages encrypted with the same key. A ciphertext-only attack is the most common because it is very easy to get ciphertext by sniffing someone's traffic, but it is the hardest attack to actually be successful at because the attacker has so little information about the encryption process." Pg 531 Shon Harris CISSP All-In-One Exam Guide

C Unique session values: "IPSec: ....Each device will have one security association (SA) for each session that it uses. The SA is critical to the IPSec architecture and is a record of the configuration the device needs to support an IPSec connection. Pg 575 Shon Harris All-In-One CISSP Certification Exam Guide. Message authentication and content modification: "Hashed Message Authentication Code (HMAC): An HMAC is a hashed alogrithim that uses a key to generate a Message Authentication Code (MAC). A MAC is a type of check sum that is a function of the information in the message. The MAC is generated before the message is sent, appended to the message, and then both are transmitted. At the receiving end, a MAC is generated from the message alone CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing using the same algorithm as used by the sender and this MAC is compared to the MAC sent with the message. If they are not identical, the message was modified en route. Hashing algorithms can be used to generate the MAC and hash algorithms using keys provide stronger protection than ordinary MAC generation. Frequency analysis: Message authentication and session values do not protect against Frequency Analysis so A and B are eliminated. "Simple substitution and transposition ciphers are vulnerable to attacks that perform frequency analysis. In every language, there are words and patters that are used more often than others. For instance, in the English language, the words "the.' "and," "that," and "is" are very frequent patters of letters used in messages and conversation. The beginning of messages usually starts "Hello" or "Dear" and ends with "Sincerely" or "Goodbye." These patterns help attackers figure out the transformation between plaintext to ciphertext, which enables them to figure out the key that was used to perform the transformation. It is important for cryptosystems to no reveal these patterns." Pg. 507 Shon Harris All-In-One CISSP Certification Exam Guide Ciphertext-Only Attack: Message authentication and session values do not protect against Ciphertext so A and B are again eliminated. "Ciphertext-Only Attack: In this type of an attack, an attacker has the ciphertext of several messages. Each of the messages has been encrypted using the same encryption algorithm. The attacker's goal is to discover the plaintext of the messages by figuring out the key used in the encryption process. Once the attacker figures out the key, she can now decrypt all other messages encrypted with the same key." Pg 577 Shon Harris All-In-One CISSP Certification Exam Guide. Birthday attack: "....refer to an attack against the hash function known as the birthday attack." Pg 162 Krutz: The CISSP Prep Guide. MAC utilizes a hashing function and is therefore susceptible to birthday attack. Masguerading Attacks: Session values (IPSec) does protect against session hijacking but not spoofing so C is eliminated. "Masguerading Attacks: ....we'll look at two common masquerading attacks - IP Spoofing and session hijacking." Pg 275 Tittel: CISSP Study Guide. Session hijacking: "If session hijacking is a concern on a network, the administrator can implement a protocol that requires mutual authentication between users like IPSec. Because the attacker will not have the necessary credentials to authenticate to a user, she cannot act as an imposter and hijack sessions." Pg 834 Shon Harris All-In-One CISSP Certification Exam Guide Reverse engineering: Message authentication protects against reverse engineering. Reverse engineering: "The hash function is considered one-way because the original file cannot be created from the message digest." Pg. 160 Krutz: The CISSP Prep Guide Content modification: Message authentication protects against content modification. Factoring attacks: Message authentication protects against factoring attacks.

C The strength of the encryption method comes from the algorithm, secrecy of the key, length of the key, initialization vectors, and how they all work together. - Shon Harris All-in-one CISSP Certification Guide pg 504

A Kerhkoff's laws were intended to formalize the real situation of ciphers in the field. Basically, the more we use any particular cipher system, the more likely it is that it will "escape" into enemy hands. So we start out assuming that our opponents know "all the details" of the cipher system, except the key. http://www.ciphersbyritter.com/NEWS4/LIMCRYPT.HTM

C Attacks Against One-Way Hash Functions: A good hashing algorithm should not produce the same hash value for two different messages. If the algorithm does produce the same value for two distinctly different messages, this is referred to as a collision. If an attacker finds an instance of a collision, he has more information to use when trying to break the cryptographic methods used. A complex way of attacking a one-way hash function is called the birthday attack. Now hold on to your had while we go through this -- it is a bit tricky. In standard statistics, a birthday paradox exists. It goes something like this: How many people must be in the same room for the chance to be greater than even that another person has the same birthday as you?

C "Asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) is a cell-switching technology, as opposed to a packet-switching technology like Frame Relay. ATM uses virtual circuits much like Frame Relay, but because it uses fixed-size frames or cells, it can guarantee throughput. This makes ATM an excellent WAN technology for voice and video conferencing." Pg 87 Tittel: CISSP Study Guide CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing

C I think it may have to do with the footprint of the satellite. Footprint - The area of Earth with sufficient antenna gain to receive a signal from a satellite. - http://www.aero.org/publications/crosslink/winter2002/backpage.html Not A: Granted Satellites transmit but they may not do it 24x7 as it could be only when traffic is sent.

A "SDLC was developed to enable mainframes to communicate with remote locations." Pg 456 Shon Harris CISSP Certification Exam Guide. This is a WAN protocol. Not B "Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP) is an older technology developed to support TCP/IP communications over asynchronous serial connections, such as serial cables or modem dial-up." Pg 96. Tittel: CISSP Study Guide. SLIP is serial protocol opposed to WAN protocol. This could be correct answer but SDLC is more correct. Not C. "PPP is a full-duplex protocol that provides bi-directional links over synchronous, asynchronous, ISDN, frame relay and SONET connections." Pg. 472 Shon Harris CISSP All-In-One Certification Exam Guide. PPP is full-duplex. Not D. "HDLC is an extension of SDLC, which is mainly used in SNA environments. HDLC provides high throughput because it supports full-duplex transmissions and is used in point-to-point and multipoint connections." Pg 456 Shon Harris CISSP All-In-One Certification Exam Guide. PPP is full-duplex.

B "Fast Ethernet 100bps - IEE 802.3u" pg 810 Shon Harris CISSP All-In-One Exam Guide

B Explanation: "An intranet is a 'private' network that uses Internet technologies, such as TCP/IP. The company has Web servers and client machines using Web browsers, and it uses the TCP/IP protocol suite. The Web pages are written in Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) or Extensible Markup Language (XML) and are accessed via HTTP." Pg 395 Shon Harris: All-In-One CISSP Certification Guide.

C Packet-Switched Technologies: X.25 Link Access Procedure-Balanced (LAPB) Frame Relay Switched Multimegabit Data Service (SMDS) Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) Voice over IP (VoIP)

C When the Ethernet software receives a datagram from the Internet layer, it performs the following steps: 1.) Breaks IP layer data into smaller chunks if necessary which will be in the data field of ethernet frames. Pg. 40 Sams Teach Yourself TCP/IP in 24 hrs.

C Reference: "LAN Transmission Methods. LAN data is transmitted from the sender to one or more receiving stations using either a unicast, multicast, or broadcast transmission." pg 528 Hansche: Official (ISC)2 Guide to the CISSP Exam

A "Under the Ethernet CSMA/CD media-access process, any computer on a CSMA/CD LAN can access the network at any time." Pg. 103 Krutz: The CISSP Prep Guide. CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing

C "Examples of packet-switching networks are X.25, Link Access Procedure-Balanced (LAPB), Frame Relay, Switched Multimegabit Data Systems (SMDS), Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), and Voice over IP (VoIP)." Pg 146 Krutz: CISSP Prep Guide: Gold Edition.

B This original answer is wrong (network) repeater is physical layer. Repeaters just regenerates the signal "Hubs are multi port repeaters, and as such they obey the same rules as repeaters (See previous section OSI Operating Layer). They operate at the OSI Model Physical Layer." http://www.thelinuxreview.com/howto/intro_to_networking/c5434.htm

A Transport Layer. .... TCP and UDP operate on this layer.' Pg 82. Krutz: The CISSP Prep Guide.

C Reference: "[Network Layer] The routing protocols are located at this layer and include the following: .....Internet Protocol Security (IPSec)". "The following protocols operate within the Session layer: Secure Sockets Layer (SSL)". "The Presentation layer is also responsible for encryption and compression." Pg 61-62 Tittel: CISSP Study Guide

B Not A. "The Open System Interconnect (OSI) is a worldwide federation that works to provide international standards. " Not C. "A protocol is a standard set of rules that determine how systems will communicate across networks. Two different systems can communicate and understand each other because they use the same protocols in spite of their differences." Pg. 343-344 Shon Harris: CISSP All-In-One Certification Exam Guide CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing

C The transport layer defines how to address the physical locations and /or devices on the network, how to make connections between nodes, and how to handle the networking of messages. It is responsible for maintaining the end-to-end integrity and control of the session. Services located in the transport layer both segment and reassemble the data from upper-layer applications and unite it onto the same data stream, which provides end-to-end data transport services and establishes a logical connection between the sending host and destination host on a network. The transport layer is also responsible for providing mechanisms for multiplexing upper-layer applications, session establishment, and the teardown of virtual circuits. -Ronald Krutz The CISSP PREP Guide (gold edition) pg 275-276 "Transport Layer The agreement on these issues before transferring data helps provide more reliable data transfer, error detection and correction, and flow control and it optimizes network services needed to perform these tasks." Pg. 318 - 319 Shon Harris: All-In-One CISSP Certification Guide.

B "The Session layer (layer 5) is responsible for establishing, maintaining, and terminating communication sessions between two computers. The primary technology within layer 5 is a gateway. The following protocols operate within the Session layer: Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) Network File System (NFS) Structured Query Language (SQL) Remote Procedure Call (RPC) CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing The presentation layer (layer 6) is responsible for transforming data received from the application layer into a format that any system following the OSI model can understand. It imposes common or standardized structure and formatting rules onto the data. The Presentation layer is also responsible for encryption and compression." Pg. 79-80 Tittel: CISSP Study Guide.

D By exclusion: Not A. "The Session layer (layer 5) is responsible for establish, maintaining, and terminating communication sessions between two computers." Pg 79 Tittel: CISSP Study Guide. Not B. "The Transport layer (layer 4) ....This layer includes mechanisms for segmentation, sequencing, error checking, controlling the flow of data, error correction and network service optimization." Pg 79 Tittel: CISSP Study Guide. Not C. "The Application itself it is not located within this layer [Application]; rather the protocols and services required to transmit files, exchange messages, connect to remote terminals, and so on are here." Pg. 80 Tittel: CISSP Study Guide.

B The Network layer (layer 3) is responsible for adding routing information to the data. The Network layer accepts the segment from the Transport layer and adds information to it to create a packet. The packet includes the source and destination IP addresses. T The routing protocols are located at this layer and include the following: Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) Routing Information Protocol (RIP) Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) Internet Protocol (IP) Internet Packet Exchange (IPX) Pg. 78 Tittel: CISSP Study Guide

B "Presentation Layer (Layer 6)." Pg 81 Krutz The CISSP Prep Guide.

Network

Presentation

CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing Explanation: Physical Layer, Data Link Layer, Network Layer, Transport Layer, Session Layer, Presentation Layer, Application Layer

Application

A The TCP/IP Protocol Model is similar to the OSI model, but it defines only the following four layers instead of seven: Application Layer, Host-to-Host Transport Layer, Internet Layer, Network Access or Link Layer. Pg. 84 Krutz: The CISSP Prep Guide.

C Session services located in the Transport Layer both segment and reassemble the data from upper-layer applications and unite it onto the same data stream, which provides end-to-end data transport services and establishes a logical connection between the sending host and destination host on a network. Pg. 82 Krutz: The CISSP Prep Guide.

Datagram "When the Ethernet software receives a datagram from the Internet layer, it performs the following steps: 1.) Breaks IP layer data into smaller chunks if necessary which will be in the data field of ethernet frames." Pg. 40 Sams Teach Yourself TCP/IP in 24 hrs.

A The data package created at the transport layer, which encapsulates the Application layer message is called a segment if it comes from TCP/IP." Pg. 27 Pg. 55 Casad: Sams Teach Yourself TCP/IP in 24 hrs.

B 2 to 16th power = 65,536 "TCP and UDP each have 65,536 ports". Pg 75 Tittel: CISSP Study Guide

B "The User (Registered) Ports are those from 1024 through 49151." http://www.iana.org/numbers.htm#P

D Explanation: The original TACACS protocol was developed by BBN for MILNET. It was UDP based and mainly intended to provide validation of dial up user login passwords. The TACACS protocol was formally specified, but the spec is not generally available.

C ICMP = 1 TCP = 6 UDP = 17 Pg. 55 Casad: Sams Teach Yourself TCP/IP in 24 hrs. CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing

A ICMP = 1 TCP = 6 UDP = 17 Pg. 55 Casad: Sams Teach Yourself TCP/IP in 24 hrs.

B An ISO and ITU standard for addressing and transporting e-mail messages. It conforms to layer 7 of the OSI model and supports several types of transport mechanisms, including Ethernet, X.25, TCP/IP, and dial-up lines. - http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/X/X_400.html

B ICMP = 1 TCP = 6 UDP = 17 Pg. 55 Casad: Sams Teach Yourself TCP/IP in 24 hrs.

B The original answer to this question was RED however I think this is incorrect because of this reason. Both Red and MPLS deal with qos/cos issues, there by increasing speed. Mpls more so the RED. However I have not been able to find any documents that state RED is a security implementation while MPLS is heavy used in the ISP VPN market. See this link for MPLS security http://www.nwfusion.com/research/2001/0521feat2.html Below are the link that are formation of the ration for this answer of B (MPLS) Congestion avoidance algorithm in which a small percentage of packets are dropped when congestion is detected and before the queue in question overflows completely http://www.cisco.com/univercd/cc/td/doc/cisintwk/ita/r12.htm Multiprotocol Label Switching. Switching method that forwards IP traffic using a label. This label instructs the routers and the switches in the network where to forward the packets based on preestablished IP routing information http://www.cisco.com/univercd/cc/td/doc/cisintwk/ita/m12.htm Resource Reservation Protocol. Protocol that supports the reservation of resources across an IP network. Applications running on IP end systems can use RSVP to indicate to other nodes the nature (bandwidth, jitter, maximum burst, and so on) of the packet streams they want to receive. RSVP depends on IPv6. Also known as Resource Reservation Setup Protocol. http://www.cisco.com/univercd/cc/td/doc/cisintwk/ita/r12.htm Random Early Detection (RED) is the recommended approach for queue congestion management in routers (Braden et al., 1998). Although in its basic form RED can be implemented in a relatively short C program, as the speed of ports and the number of queues per port increase, the implementation moves more and more into hardware. Different vendors choose different ways to implement and support RED in their silicon implementations. The degree of programmability, the number of queues, the granularity among queues, and the calculation methods of the RED parameters all vary from implementation to implementation. Some of these differences are irrelevant to the behavior of the algorithm-and hence to the resulting network behavior. Some of the differences, however, may result in a very different behavior of the RED algorithm-and hence of the network efficiency. http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/hw/routers/ps167/products_white_paper09186a0080091fe4.shtml Based on label swapping, a single forwarding mechanism provides opportunities for new control CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing paradigms and applications. MPLS Label Forwarding is performed with a label lookup for an incoming label, which is then swapped with the outgoing label and finally sent to the next hop. Labels are imposed on the packets only once at the edge of the MPLS network and removed at the other end. These labels are assigned to packets based on groupings or forwarding equivalence classes (FECs). Packets belonging to the same FEC get similar treatment. The label is added between the Layer 2 and the Layer 3 header (in a packet environment) or in the virtual path identifier/virtual channel identifier (VPI/VCI) field (in ATM networks). The core network merely reads labels, applies appropriate services, and forwards packets based on the labels. This MPLS lookup and forwarding scheme offers the ability to explicitly control routing based on destination and source addresses, allowing easier introduction of new IP services. http://www.cisco.com/warp/public/cc/pd/iosw/prodlit/xlsw_ds.htm

D The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) has reserved the following three blocks of the IP address space for private Internets - 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255, 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255, and 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255- that are known as "global non-routable addresses."" Pg. 94 Krutz: The CISSP Prep Guide.

A The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) has reserved the following three blocks of the IP address space for private Internets - 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255, 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255, and 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255- that are known as "global non-routable addresses."" Pg. 94 Krutz: The CISSP Prep Guide.

C The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) has reserved the following three blocks of the IP address space for private Internets - 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255, 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255, CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing and 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255- that are known as "global non-routable addresses."" Pg. 94 Krutz: The CISSP Prep Guide.

C Pg. 80 Sams Teach Yourself TCP/IP in 24 hrs.

A "Ipv4 user 32 bits for addresses, and Ipv6 user 128 bits; thus v6 provide more possible addresses to work with." Pg 331 Shon Harris: All-in-One CISSP Certification

D An Ethernet address is a 48-bit address that is hard-wired into the NIC of the network node. ARP matches up the 32-bit IP address with this hardware address, which is technically referred to as the Media Access Control (MAC) address or the physical address. Pg. 87 Krutz: The CISSP Prep Guide.

B "As with ARP, Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP) frames go to all systems on the subnet, but only the RARP server responds. Once the RARP server receives this request, it looks in its table to see which IP address matches the broadcast hardware address. The server then sends a message back to the requesting computer that contains its IP address. The system now has an IP address and can function on the network." Pg 357 Shon Harris: All-in-One CISSP Certification

D Bastion Host: A system that has been hardened to resist attack at some critical point of entry, and which is installed on a network in such a way that it is expected to come under attack. Bastion hosts are often components of firewalls, or may be 'outside" Web servers or public access systems. Generally, a bastion host is running some form of general purpose operating system (e.g., LNIX, VMS, WNT, etC.) rather than a ROM-based or firmware operating system. http://www.securesynergy.com/library/articles/it_glossary/glossary_b.php

C A bastion host or screened host is just a firewall system logically positioned between a private network and an untrusted network. - Ed Tittle CISSP Study Guide (sybex) pg 93

C "An application-level gateway firewall is also called a proxy firewall. A proxy is a mechanism that copies packets from one network into another; the copy process also changes the sources and destination address to protect the identity of the internal or private network. An application-level gateway firewall filters traffic based on the Internet service (i.e., application) used to transmit or receive the data." - Shon Harris All-in-one CISSP Certification Guide pg 92

A Circuit-level proxy creates a circuit between the client computer and the server. It does not CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing understand or care about the higher-level issues that an application-level proxy deals with. It knows the source and destinations addresses and makes access decisions based on this information...IT looks at the data within the packet header versus the data within the payload of the packet. It does not know if the contents within the packet are actually safe or not. - Shon Harris All-in-one CISSP Certification Guide pg 419-420

C "Stateful Inspection Characteristics The firewall maintains a state table that tracks each and every communication channel. Frames are analyzed at all communication layers. It provides a high degree of security and does not introduce the performance hit that proxy firewalls introduce. It is scaleable and transparent to users It provides data tracking for tracking connectionless protocols such as UDP and ICMP The stat and context of the data within the packets are stored and updated continuously. It is considered a third-generation firewall." Pg. 375 Shon Harris: All-in-One CISSP Certification Not A: "Packet filtering is the first generation firewall-that is, it was the first type that was created and used, and other types were developed fall into different generations." Pg 373 Shon Harris: All-in-One CISSP Certification

C The original answer was A (translated source destination address). I did not come across this term in my reading. Screening router A screening router is one of the simplest firewall strategies to implement. This is a popular design because most companies already have the hardware in place to implement it. A screening router is an excellent first line of defense in the creation of your firewall strategy. It's just a router that has filters associated with it to screen outbound and inbound traffic based on IP address and UDP and TCP ports. http://www.zdnet.co.uk/news/specials/2000/10/enterprise/techrepublic/2002/10/article002c.html

D This is a sort of iffy question. Hardware allows faster performance then software and does not need to utilize an underlying OS to make the security software operate. (An example is PIX firewall vs checkpoint). The meantime to failure answer to me is ok but the hardware that the software security also has a MTFF. A few people looked over this question and had no problem with the answer of B (meantime to failure question) but as I looked into it I have picked D. MTTF is typical the time to failure. "MTFF is the expected typical functional lifetime of the device given a specific operating environment" (- Ed Tittle CISSP Study Guide (sybex) pg 657). This leads me to think that this question says hardware has a SHORTER lifespan then software. Thus I am going to have to go with D (higher performance). This can be because of ASICs. As always uses your best judgment, knowledge and experience on this question. Below are some points of view. Few things to consider when deploying software based firewall: Patching OS or firewall software could bring down firewall or open additional holes OS Expertise vs. firewall expertise (you may need two administrators). CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing Support contract (One for hardware, one for OS, one for firewall), who do you call? Administration (One for OS and one for firewall). If your not an expert in both then forget it. High-availability (Stateful failover) (usually requires additional software and costs a lot of money). As a result it adds to support costs. Is software firewalls a bad idea it depends. Every situation is different. -Bob http://www.securityfocus.com/archive/105/322401/2003-05-22/2003-05-28/2 A software firewall application is designed to be installed onto an existing operating system running on generic server or desktop hardware. The application may or may not 'harden' the underlying operating system by replacing core components. Typical host operating systems include Windows NT, 2000 server or Solaris. Software firewall applications all suffer from the following key disadvantages: They run on a generic operating system that may or may not be hardened by the Firewall installation itself. A generic operating system is non-specialized and more complex than is necessary to operate the firewall. This leads to reliability problems and hacking opportunities were peripheral/unnecessary services are kept running. Generic operating systems have their own CPU and memory overheads making software based firewalls slower than their dedicated hardware counterparts. If the software firewalls uses PC hardware as the host platform, then there may be additional reliability problems with the hardware itself. Sub-optimal performance of generic hardware also affects software applications bundled with their own operating systems. There is no physical or topological separation of the firewalling activity. A dedicated hardware firewall is a software firewall application and operating system running on dedicated hardware. This means the hardware used is optimized for the task, perhaps including digital signal processors (DSPs) and several network interfaces. There may also be special hardware used to accelerate the encryption/decryption of VPN data. It may be rack mounted for easy installation into a comms' cabinet. We recommend dedicated hardware firewalls as they offer several key advantages over software applications: Dedicated hardware is typically more reliable. Hardware firewalls are simpler, hence more secure. Hardware firewalls are more efficient and offer superior performance, especially in support of VPNs. The firewalling activity is physically and topologically distinct. http://www.zensecurity.co.uk/default.asp?URL=hardware%20software%20firewall

A CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing A firewall is a device that supports and enforces the company's network security policy. - Shon Harris All-in-one CISSP Certification Guide pg 412

C I did not find the answer to this question in any of the texts sources I read for the cissp. However, Network Intrusion Detection (3rd edition) gives some hints. I am basing this off of the 3 way hand shake and looking for the termination of the session and who does it. Was it a RESET or FIN in the packet. So based off this concept I am concluding that Session Termination is really not controllable. Use your best judgment on this question based off of experience and knowledge.

D "IPSec can work in one of two modes: transport mode, where the payload of the message is protected, and tunnel mode, where the payload and the routing and header information is protected." Pg 527 Shon Harris: All-in-One CISSP Certification Not: C "IPSec is not a strict protocol that dictates the type of algorithm, keys, and authentication method to be used, but it is an open, modular framework that provides a lot of flexibility for companies when they choose to use this type of technology. IPSec uses two basic security protocols: Authentication Header (AH) and the Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP). AH is the authenticating protocol, and ESP is an authenticating and encrypting protocol that uses cryptographic mechanisms to provide source authentication, confidentiality, and message integrity." Pg 527 Shon Harris: All-in-One CISSP Certification

A Pg 527 Shon Harris CISSP All-In-One Certification Exam Guide

B "IPSec uses two basic security protocols: Authentication Header (AH) and the Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP)." pg 575 Shon Harris CISSP All-In-One Certification Exam Guide

D Reference: pg 221 Krutz

B "Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP). AH is the authenticating protocol and ESP is an authenticating and encrypting protocol that uses cryptographic mechanisms to provide source authentication, confidentiality, and message integrity." Pg 575 Shon Harris CISSP All-In-One Certification Exam Guide

A "Socks Proxy Server Characteristics Circuit-level proxy server Requires clients to be SOCKS-fied with SOCKS client software Mainly used for outbound Internet access and virtual private network (VPN) functionality Can be resource-intensive Provides authentication and encryption features to other VPN protocols, but not considered a traditional VPN protocol" Pg. 422 Shon Harris CISSP All-In-One Certification Exam Guide Reference: The SOCKS is an example of a circuit-level proxy gateway that provides a secure channel between two computers. pg. 379 Shon Harris CISSP

D "SOCKS is an example of a circuit-level proxy gateway that provides a secure channel between two computers. When a SOCKS-enabled client sends a request to a computer on the Internet, this request actually goes to the network's SOCKS proxy server..." pg 379 Shon Harris: All-in-One CISSP Certification

B "Client Authentication using Digital IDs Enable access by certificates1. Choose Encryption|Security Preferences in the Server Manager. 2. Specify which versions of SSL your server can communication with. The latest and most secure version is SSL version 3, but many older clients use only SSL version 2. You will probably want to enable your server to use both versions. 3. Refuse access to any client that does not have a client certificate from a trusted CA by choosing the Yes box under Require client certificates (regardless of access control): 4. Click the OK button and confirm your changes." http://www.verisign.com/repository/clientauth/ent_ig.htm#clientauth

A Secure Sockets Layer (SSL). An encryption technology that is used to provide secure transactions such as the exchange of credit card numbers. SSL is a socket layer security protocol and is a two-layered protocol that contains the SSL Record Protocol and the SSL Handshake Protocol. Similiar to SSH, SSL uses symmetric encryption for private connections and CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing asymmetric or public key cryptography (certificates) for peer authentication. It also uses a Message Authentication Code for message integrity checking. Krutz: The CISSP Prep Guide pg. 89. It prevents a man in the middle attack by confirming that you are authenticating with the server desired prior entering your user name and password. If the server was not authenticated, a man-in-the-middle could retrieve the username and password then use it to login. The SSL protocol has been known to be vulnerable to some man-in-the-middle attacks. The attacker injects herself right at the beginning of the authentication phase so that she obtains both parties' keys. This enables her to decrypt and view messages that were not intended for her. Using digital signatures during the session-key exchange can circumvent the man-in-the-middle attack. If using kerberos, when Lance and Tanya obtain each other's public keys from the KDC, the public keys are signed by the KDC. Because Tanya and Lanace have the public key of the KDC, they both can decrypt and verify the signature on each other's public key and be sure that it came from the KDC itself. Because David does not have the private key of the KDC, he cannot substitute his pubic key during this type of transmission. Shon Harris All-In-One CISSP Certification pg. 579. One of the most important pieces a PKI is its public key certificate. A certificate is the mechanism used to associate a public key with a collection of components sufficient to uniquely authenticate the claimed owner. Shon Harris All-In-One CISSP Certification pg. 540.

D This is a question that I disagreed with. The premises that SSH does use RSA and 3DES, thus susceptible to cryptographic attack (namely birthday attach) has merit but I think the answer is more simple, in that you SSH cant protect against a compromised source/destination. You can safely rule out spoofing and manipulation (that is the job of ssh to protect the transmission). Original answer was C birthday attack. Use your best judgment based on knowledge and experience. CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing The use of ssh helps to correct these vulnerabilities. Specifically, ssh protects against these attacks: IP spoofing (where the spoofer is on either a remote or local host), IP source routing, DNS spoofing, interception of cleartext passwords/data and attacks based on listening to X authentication data and spoofed connections to an X11 server. http://www-arc.com/sara/cve/SSH_vulnerabilities.html Birthday attack - Usually applied to the probability of two different messages using the same hash fucntion that produces a common message digest; or given a message and its corresponding message digest, finding another message that when passed through the same hash function generates the same specific message digest. The term "birthday" comes from the fact that in a room with 23 people, the probability of two people having the same birthday is great than 50 percent. -Ronald Krutz The CISSP PREP Guide (gold edition) pg 212

B Active attacks find identities by being a man-in-the-middle or by replacing the responder in the negotiation. The attacker proceeds through the key negotiation with the attackee until the attackee has revealed its identity. In a well-designed system, the negotiation will fail after the attackee has revealed its identity because the attacker cannot spoof the identity of the originally-intended system. The attackee might then suspect that there was an attack because the other side failed before it gave its identity. Therefore, an active attack cannot be persistent because it would prevent all legitimate access to the desired IPsec system. http://msgs.securepoint.com/cgi-bin/get/ipsec-0201/18.html Not C: Traffic analysis is a good attack but not the most effective as it is passive in nature, while Man in the middle is active. CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing

D "The following are the three most common VPN communications protocol standards: Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol(PPTP). PPTP works at the Data Link Layer of the OSI model. Designed for individual client to server connections, it enables only a single point-to-point connection per session. This standard is very common with asynchronous connections that use Win9x or NT clients. PPTP uses native Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) authentication and encryption services. Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol (L2TP). L2TP is a combination of PPTP and the earlier Layer 2 Forwarding (L2F) Protocol that works at the Data Link Layer like PPTP. It has become an accepted tunneling standard for VPN's. In fact, dial-up VPNs use this standard quite frequently. Like PPTP, this standard was designed for single point-to-point client to server connections. Not that multiple protocols can be encapsulated within the L2TP tunnel, but do not use encryption like PPTP. Also, L2TP supports TACACS+ and RADIUS, but PPTP does not. IPSEC. IPSec operates at the Network Layer and it enables multiple and simultaneous tunnels, unlike the single connection of the previous standards. IPSec has the functionality to encrypt and authenticate IP data. It is built into the new Ipv6 standard, and is used as an add-on to the current CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing Ipv4. While PPTP and L2TP are aimed more at dial-up VPNs, IPSec focuses more on network-to-network connectivity." Pg. 123-125 Krutz: The CISSP Prep Guide: Gold Edition.

B A SYN attack occurs when an attacker exploits the use of the buffer space during a Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) session initialization handshake. The attacker floods the target system's small "in-process" queue with connection requests, but it does not respond when a target system replies to those requests. This causes the target system to time out while waiting for the proper response, which makes the system crash or become unusable. - Ronald Krutz The CISSP PREP Guide (gold edition) pg 103 "In a SYN flood attack, hackers use special software that sends a large number of fake packets with the SYN flag set to the targeted system. The victim then reserves space in memory for the connection and attempts to send the standard SYN/ACK reply but never hears back from the originator. This process repeats hundreds or even thousands of times, and the targeted computer eventually becomes overwhelmed and runs out of available resources for the half-opened connections. At that time, it either crashes or simply ignores all inbound connection requests because it can't possibly handle any more half-open connections." Pg 266 Tittel: CISSP Study Guide.

B This reference is close to the one listed DNS poisoning is the correct answer however, Harris does not say the name when describing the attack but later on the page she state the following. This is how DNS DOS attack can occur. If the actual DNS records are unattainable to the attacker for him to alter in this fashion, which they should be, the attacker can insert this data into the cache of there server instead of CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing replacing the actual records, which is referred to as cache poisoning. - Shon Harris All-in-one CISSP Certification Guide pg 795

C Reference "This paper is for those who want a practical approach to writing buffer overflow exploits. As the title says, this text will teach you how to write these exploits in Perl. ..... There are reasons why we construct the buffer this way. First we have a lot of NOPs, then the shellcode (which in this example will execute /bin/sh), and at last the ESP + offset values." http://hackersplayground.org/papers/perl-buffer.txt

D Reference: "TCP Port 5000 Buffer Overflow Attack The attack on Port 5000 was part of this scan pattern Mar 14, 2004 15:58:17.837 - (TCP) 68.144.13.102 : 2282 >>> 192.168.1.36 : 2745 Mar 14, 2004 15:58:17.857 - (TCP) 68.144.13.102 : 2283 >>> 68.144.193.246 : 135 Mar 14, 2004 15:58:17.887 - (TCP) 68.144.13.102 : 2284 >>> 192.168.1.38 : 1025 Mar 14, 2004 15:58:17.907 - (TCP) 68.144.13.102 : 2285 >>> 68.144.193.246 : 445 Mar 14, 2004 15:58:17.938 - (TCP) 68.144.13.102 : 2286 >>> 192.168.1.36 : 3127 Mar 14, 2004 15:58:17.958 - (TCP) 68.144.13.102 : 2287 >>> 68.144.193.246 : 6129 Mar 14, 2004 15:58:17.988 - (TCP) 68.144.13.102 : 2288 >>> 68.144.193.246 : 139 Mar 14, 2004 15:58:18.008 - (TCP) 68.144.13.102 : 2289 >>> 192.168.1.36 : 5000 Mar 14, 2004 15:58:29.164 - (TCP) 68.144.13.102 : 1442 >>> 68.144.193.246 : 1981 Mar 14, 2004 15:58:33.470 - (TCP) 68.144.13.102 : 1442 >>> 68.144.193.246 : 1981 Mar 14, 2004 15:58:39.288 - (TCP) 68.144.13.102 : 1442 >>> 68.144.193.246 : 1981 CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing The attack appears to be a buffer overfull attack on the Plug and Play service on TCP Port 5000, which likely contains instructions to download and execute the rest of the worm. TCP Connection Request ---- 14/03/2004 15:40:57.910 68.144.193.124 : 4560 TCP Connected ID = 1 ---- 14/03/2004 15:40:57.910 Status Code: 0 OK 68.144.193.124 : 4560 TCP Data In Length 697 bytes MD5 = 19323C2EA6F5FCEE2382690100455C17 ---- 14/03/2004 15:40:57.920 0000 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 ................ 0010 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 ................ 0020 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 ................ 0030 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 ................ 0040 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 ................ 0050 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 ................ 0060 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 ................ 0070 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 ................ 0080 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 ................ 0090 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 ................ 00A0 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 ................ 00B0 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 ................ 00C0 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 ................ 00D0 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 ................ 00E0 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 ................ 00F0 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 ................ 0100 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 4D 3F E3 77 ............M?.w 0110 90 90 90 90 FF 63 64 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 .....cd......... 0120 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 ................ 0130 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 90 EB 10 5A 4A 33 C9 66 B9 ..........ZJ3.f. 0140 66 01 80 34 0A 99 E2 FA EB 05 E8 EB FF FF FF 70 f..4...........p 0150 99 98 99 99 C3 21 95 69 64 E6 12 99 12 E9 85 34 .....!.id......4 0160 12 D9 91 12 41 12 EA A5 9A 6A 12 EF E1 9A 6A 12 ....A....j....j. 0170 E7 B9 9A 62 12 D7 8D AA 74 CF CE C8 12 A6 9A 62 ...b....t......b 0180 12 6B F3 97 C0 6A 3F ED 91 C0 C6 1A 5E 9D DC 7B .k...j?.....^..{ 0190 70 C0 C6 C7 12 54 12 DF BD 9A 5A 48 78 9A 58 AA p....T....ZHx.X. 01A0 50 FF 12 91 12 DF 85 9A 5A 58 78 9B 9A 58 12 99 P.......ZXx..X.. 01B0 9A 5A 12 63 12 6E 1A 5F 97 12 49 F3 9A C0 71 E5 .Z.c.n._..I...q. 01C0 99 99 99 1A 5F 94 CB CF 66 CE 65 C3 12 41 F3 9D ...._...f.e..A.. 01D0 C0 71 F0 99 99 99 C9 C9 C9 C9 F3 98 F3 9B 66 CE .q............f. 01E0 69 12 41 5E 9E 9B 99 9E 24 AA 59 10 DE 9D F3 89 i.A^....$.Y..... 01F0 CE CA 66 CE 6D F3 98 CA 66 CE 61 C9 C9 CA 66 CE ..f.m...f.a...f. 0200 65 1A 75 DD 12 6D AA 42 F3 89 C0 10 85 17 7B 62 e.u..m.B......{b 0210 10 DF A1 10 DF A5 10 DF D9 5E DF B5 98 98 99 99 .........^...... 0220 14 DE 89 C9 CF CA CA CA F3 98 CA CA 5E DE A5 FA ............^... CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing 0230 F4 FD 99 14 DE A5 C9 CA 66 CE 7D C9 66 CE 71 AA ........f.}.f.q. 0240 59 35 1C 59 EC 60 C8 CB CF CA 66 4B C3 C0 32 7B Y5.Y.`....fK..2{ 0250 77 AA 59 5A 71 62 67 66 66 DE FC ED C9 EB F6 FA w.YZqbgff....... 0260 D8 FD FD EB FC EA EA 99 DA EB FC F8 ED FC C9 EB ................ 0270 F6 FA FC EA EA D8 99 DC E1 F0 ED C9 EB F6 FA FC ................ 0280 EA EA 99 D5 F6 F8 FD D5 F0 FB EB F8 EB E0 D8 99 ................ 0290 EE EA AB C6 AA AB 99 CE CA D8 CA F6 FA F2 FC ED ................ 02A0 D8 99 FB F0 F7 FD 99 F5 F0 EA ED FC F7 99 F8 FA ................ 02B0 FA FC E9 ED 99 0D 0A 0D 0A ......... " http://www.linklogger.com/TCP5000_Overflow.htm

A Explanation: Sniffing is the action of capture / monitor the traffic going over the network. Because, in a normal networking environment, account and password information is passed along Ethernet in clear-text, it is not hard for an intruder to put a machine into promiscuous mode and by sniffing, compromise all the machines on the net by capturing password in an illegal fashion.

D SPAM - The term describing unwanted email, newsgroup, or discussion forum messages. Spam can be innocuous as an advertisement from a well-meaning vendor or as malignant as floods or unrequested messages with viruses or Trojan horses attached SYN Flood Attack - A type of DoS. A Syn flood attack is waged by not sending the final ACK packet, which breaks the standard three-way handshake used by TCP/IP to initiate communication sessions. Ping of death attack - A type of DoS. A ping of death attack employs an oversized ping packet. Using special tools, an attacker can send numerous oversized ping packets to a victim. In many cases, when the victimized system attempts to process the packets, an error occurs causing the CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing system to freeze, crash, or reboot. Macro Viruses - A virus that utilizes crude technologies to infect documents created in the Microsoft Word environment. - Ed Tittle CISSP Study Guide (sybex) pg 550 740, 743, 723, 713

B "[SYN Flood] Attackers can take advantage of this design flaw by continually sending the victim SYN messages with spoofed packets. The victim will commit the necessary resources to setup this communication socket, and it will send its SYN/ACK message waiting for the ACK message in return. However, the victim will never receive the ACK message, because the packet is spoofed, and victim system sent the SYN/ACK message to a computer that does not exist. So the victim system receives a SYN message, add it dutifully commits the necessary resources to setup a connection with another computer. This connection is queued waiting for the ACK message, and the attacker sends another SYN message. The victim system does what is supposed to can commits more resources, sends the SYN/ACK message, and queues this connection. This may only need to happen a dozen times before the victim system no longer has the necessary resources to open up another connection. This makes the victim computer unreachable from legitimate computers, denying other systems service from the victim computer." Pg. 735 Shon Harris CISSP All-In-One Exam Guide

D Explanation: Flaw exploitation attacks exploit a flaw in the target system's software in order to cause a processing failure or to cause it to exhaust system resources. An example of such a processing failure is the 'ping of death' attack. This attack involved sending an unexpectedly large ping packet to certain Windows systems. The target system could not handle this abnormal packet, and a system crash resulted. With respect to resource exhaustion attacks, the resources targeted include CPU time, memory, disk space, space CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing in a special buffer, or network bandwidth. In many cases, simply patching the software can circumvent this type of DOS attack.

D Explanation: The problem is that most users do not request to connect to DNS names or even URLs, they follow hyperlinks... But, whereas DNS names are subject to "DNS spoofing" (whereby a DNS server lies about the internet address of a server) so too are URLs subject to what I call "hyperlink spoofing" or "Trojan HTML", whereby a page lies about an URLs DNS name. Both forms of spoofing have the same effect of steering you to the wrong internet site, however hyperlink spoofing is technically much easier than DNS spoofing. http://www.brd.ie/papers/sslpaper/sslpaper.html

D Another form of attack is called the distributed denial of service (DDOS). A distributed denial of service occurs when the attacker compromises several systems and uses them as launching platforms against on or more victims. - Ed Tittle CISSP Study Guide (sybex) pg 51

B "Network Address Hijacking. It might be possible for an intruder to reroute data traffic from a server or network device to a personal machine, either by device address modification or network address "hijacking." This diversion enables the intruder to capture traffic to and from the devices for data analysis or modification or to steal the password file from the server and gain access to user accounts. By rerouting the data output, the intruder can obtain supervisory terminal functions and bypass the system logs." Pg. 324 Krutz: The CISSP Prep Guide: Gold Edition

B The problem is that most users do not request to connect to DNS names or even URLs, they follow hyperlinks... But, whereas DNS names are subject to "DNS spoofing" (whereby a DNS server lies about the internet address of a server) so too are URLs subject to what I call "hyperlink spoofing" or "Trojan HTML", whereby a page lies about an URLs DNS name. Both forms of spoofing have the same effect of steering you to the wrong internet site, however hyperlink spoofing is technically much easier than DNS spoofing. http://www.brd.ie/papers/sslpaper/sslpaper.html

B Another form of DoS. A distributed denial of service occurs when the attacker compromises several systems to be used as launching platforms against one or more victims. The compromised systems used in the attacks are often called claves or zombies. A DDoS attack results in the victims being flooded with data from numerous sources. - Ed Tittle CISSP Study Guide (sybex) pg 693

D Explanation: "Because a network-based IDS reviews packets and headers, it can also detect denial of service (DoS) attacks." Pg. 64 Krutz: The CISSP Prep Guide Not A or B: "The following sections discuss some of the possible DoS attacks available. Smurf Fraggle SYN Flood Teardrop DNS DoS Attacks" Pg. 732-737 Shon Harris: All-In-One CISSP Certification Exam Guide

B Explanation: CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing "Traffic analysis and trend analysis are forms of monitoring that examine the flow of packets rather than the actual content of packets. Traffic and trend analysis can be used to infer a large amount of information, such as primary communication routes, sources of encrypted traffic, location of primary servers, primary and backup communication pathways, amount of traffic supported by the network, typical direction of traffic flow, frequency of communications, and much more." Pg 429 Tittel: CISSP Study Guide

B Reference: pg 158 Hansche: Official (ISC)2 Guide to the CISSP Exam

Reference: Another attack that relies on poor TCP/IP implementation is Teardrop < http://www.rage.mircx.com/knowledge/tcpip-teardrop.htm> , which exploits defects in the way systems reassemble IP packet fragments. On their way from hither to you on the Internet, an IP packet may be broken up into smaller pieces. Each of these still has the original IP packet's header, as well as an offset field that identifies which bytes of the original packet it contains. With this information, an ordinary broken packet is reassembled at its destination and network continues uninterrupted. When a Teardrop attack hits, your server is bombarded with IP fragments that have overlapping offset fields. If your server or router can't disregard these fragments and attempts to reassemble them, your box will go castors up quickly. If your systems are up-to-date, or if you have a firewall that blocks Teardrop packets, you shouldn't have any trouble.

C Explanation: Denial of Service is an attack on the operating system or software using buffer overflows. The result is that the target is unable to reply to service requests. This is too a large an area of information to try to cover here, so I will limit my discussion to the types of denial of service (DoS) attacks:

C Explanation: Ping of Death -- This exploit is based on the fragmentation implementation of IP whereby large packets are reassembled and can cause machines to crash. 'Ping of Death CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing takes advantage of the fact that it is possible to send an illegal ICMP Echo packet with more than the allowable 65, 507 octets of data because of the way fragmentation is performed. A temporary fix is block ping packets. Ideally, an engineer should secure TCP/IP from overflow when reconstructing IP fragments.

C Explanation: Land.c. attack -- Attacks an established TCP connection. A program sends a TCP SYN packet giving the target host address as both the sender and destination using the same port causing the OS to hang.

A Explanation: Teardrop attack - This is based on the fragmentation implementation of IP whereby reassembly problems can cause machines to crash. The attack uses a reassembly bug with overlapping fragments and causes systems to hang or crash. It works for any Internet Protocol type because it hits the IP layer itself. Engineers should turn off directed broadcast capability.

D Explanation: SMURF attack -- This attack floods networks with broadcast traffic so that the network is congested. The perpetrator sends a large number of spoofed ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) echo requests to broadcast addresses hoping packets will be sent to the spoofed addresses. You need to understand the OSI model and how protocols are transferred between layer 3 and layer 2 to understand this attack. The layer 2 will respond to the ICMP echo request with an ICMP echo reply each time, multiplying the traffic by the number of hosts involved. Engineers should turn off broadcast capability (if possible in your environment) to deter this kind of attack.

D Explanation: Spamming -- Involves repeatedly sending identical e-message to a particular address. It is a variant of bombing, and is made worse when the recipient replies -- i.e. recent cases where viruses or worms were attached to the e-mail message and ran a program that forwarded the message from the reader to any one on the user's distribution lists. This attack cannot be prevented, but you should ensure that entrance and exit of such mail is only through central mail hubs.

B "The Land denial of service attack causes many older operating systems (such as Windows NT 4, Windows 95, and SunOS 4.1.4) to freeze and behave in an unpredictable manner. It works by creating an artificial TCP packet that has the SYN flag set. The attacker set the destination IP address to the address of the victim machine and the destination port to an open port on that machine. Next, the attacker set the source IP address and source port to the same values as the destination IP address and port. When the targeted host receives this unusual packet, the operating system doesn't know how to process it and freezes, crashes, or behaves in an unusual manner as a result." Pg 237 Tittel: CISSP Study Guide

C Explanation: Trojan Horse attacks - This attack involves a rogue, Trojan horse application that has been planted on an unsuspecting user's workstation. The Trojan horse waits until the user submits a valid PIN from a trusted application, thus enabling usage of the private key, and then asks the smartcard to digitally sign some rogue data. The operation completes but the user never knows that their private key was just used against their will.

D Explanation: The weakest point in the communication based on asymmetric encryption is the knowledge about the real owners of keys. Somebody evil could generate a key pair, give the public key away and tell everybody, that it belongs to somebody else. Now, everyone believing it will use this key for encryption, resulting in the evil man being able to read the messages. If he encrypts the messages again with the public key of the real recipient, he will not be easily recognized. This sort of attack is called ``man-in-the-middle'' attack and can only be prevented by making sure, public keys really belong to the one being designated as owner.

C Traffic analysis, which is sometimes called trend analysis, is a technique employed by an intruder that involves analyzing data characteristics (message length, message frequency, and so forth) and the patterns of transmissions (rather than any knowledge of the actual information transmitted) to infer information that is useful to an intruder) . -Ronald Krutz The CISSP PREP Guide (gold edition) pg 323 CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing

A Zone transfer is method that DNS uses to transfer zone information between servers. In some un-secure DNS installations zone transfers are allowed to un-trusted DNS servers. This allows the hacker to determine internal host names and ip addresses to provide additional information for an attack.

B In telecommunications Telecommunication the local loop is the wiring between the central office and the customer's premises demarcation point. The telephony local loop connection is typically a copper twisted pair carrying current from the central office to the customer premises and back again. Individual local loop telephone lines are connected to the local central office or to a remote concentrator. Local loop connections can be used to carry a range of technologies, including: Analog Voice ISDN DSL

B The potential for fraud to occur in voice telecommunications equipment is a serious threat. PBX's (Private Branch Exchange) are telephone switches used within state agencies to allow employees to make out-going and receive incoming phone calls. These PBX's can also provide connections for communications between personal computers and local and wide area networks. Security measures must be taken to avoid the possibility of theft of either phone service or information through the telephone systems. Direct Inward System Access (DISA) is the ability to call into a PBX, either on an 800 number or a local dial- in, and by using an authorization code, gain access to the long distance lines and place long distance calls through the PBX http://www.all.net/books/Texas/chap10.html

D The name "TDMA" is also used to refer to a specific second generation mobile phone standard - more properly referred to as IS-136, which uses the TDMA technique to timeshare the bandwidth of the carrier wave. It provides between 3 to 6 times the capacity of its predecessor AMPS, and also improved security and privacy. In the United States, for example, AT&T Wireless uses the IS-136 TDMA standard. Prior to the introduction of IS-136, there was another TDMA North American digital cellular standard called IS-54(which was also referred to just as "TDMA").

A "Disaster recovery has the goal of minimizing the effects of a disaster and taking the necessary steps to ensure that the resources, personnel, and business processes are able to resume operation in a timely manner." Pg 550 Shon Harris: All-in-One CISSP Certification

C The most critical piece to disaster recovery and continuity planning is management support. They must be convinced of its necessity. Therefore, a business case must be made to obtain this support. The business case can include current vulnerabilities, regulatory and legal obligations, current status of recovery plans, and recommendations. Management will mostly concerned with cost/benefit issues, so several preliminary numbers will need to be gathered and potential losses estimated. - Shon Harris All-in-one CISSP Certification Guide pg 595 There are four major elements of the BCP process Scope and Plan Initiation - this phase marks the beginning of the BCP process. IT entails creating the scope and other elements needed to define the parameters of the plan. Business Impact Assessment - A BIA is a process used to help business units understand the impact of a disruptive event. This phase includes the execution of a vulnerability assessment Business Continuity Plan Development - This term refers to using the information collection in the BIA to develop the actual business continuity plan. This process includes the areas of plan implementation, plan testing, and ongoing plan maintenance. Plan Approval and Implementation - This process involves getting the final senior management signoff, creating enterprise-wide awareness of the plan, and implementing a maintenance procedure for updating the plan as needed. -Ronald Krutz The CISSP PREP Guide (gold edition) pg 380-381

C "The environment that must be protected through physical security controls includes all personnel, equipment, data, communication devices, power supplies, and wiring. The necessary level of protection depends on the value of the data, the computer systems, and the company assets within the facility. The value of these items can be determined by a critical-path analysis, which lists each piece of the infrastructure and what is necessary to keep those pieces healthy and operational." Pg 255 Shon Harris: All-in-One CISSP Certification

A "A BIA generally takes the form of these four steps: 1.) Gathering the needed assessment materials 2.) Performing the vulnerability assessment 3.) Analyzing the information compiled 4.) Documenting the results and presenting recommendations" Pg. 383 Krutz: CISSP Prep Guide: Gold Edition.

B A BIA is performed at the beginning of disaster recovery and continuity planning to identify the areas that would suffer the greatest financial or operational loss in the event of a disaster or disruption. It identifies the company's critical systems needed for survival and estimates the outage time that can be tolerated by the company as a result of disaster or disruption. - Shon Harris All-in-one CISSP Certification Guide pg 597

A "The initial step of the BIA is identifying which business units are critical to continuing an acceptable level of operations." Pg 383 Krutz: CISSP Prep Guide: Gold Edition. CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing

B Reference: "The purpose of a BIA is to create a document to be used to help understand what impact a disruptive event would have on the business." Pg 383 Krutz : CISSP Prep Guide: Gold Edition

A Simply put, business continuity plans are created to prevent interruptions to normal business activity.-Ronald Krutz The CISSP PREP Guide (gold edition) pg 378

B One prefers to have a higher MTBF and a lower MTTR. "Each device has a mean time between failure (MTBF) and a mean time to repair (MTTR). The MTBF estimate is used to determine the expected lifetime of a device or when an element within that device is expected to give out. The MTTR value is used to estimate the time it will take to repair the device and get it back into production." Pg 267 Shon Harris: All-in-One CISSP Certification

C Pg 383 Krutz Gold Edition. Backup is not BCP. CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing

B The original answer was C however this is incorrect for this case. SLA and standby are good ideas but in this case B is right. "A software escrow arrangement is a unique tool used to protect a company against the failure of a software developer to provide adequate support for its products or against the possibility that the developer will go out of business and no technical support will be available for the product....Under a software escrow agreement, the developer provides copies of the application source code to an independent third-party organization. The third party then maintains updated backup copies of the source code in a secure fashion. The agreement between the end user and the developer specifies "trigger events", such as the failure of the developer to meet terms of a service level agreement (SLA) or the liquidation of the developer's firm." - Ed Tittle CISSP Study Guide (sybex) pg 550

D "Warm Site - These facilities are usually partially configured with some equipment, but not the actual computers." - Shon Harris All-in-one CISSP Certification Guide pg 613 CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing

D "Reciprocal agreements are at best a secondary option for disaster protection. The agreements are not enforceable, so there is no guarantee that this facility will really be available to the company in a time of need." Pg 615 Shon Harris CISSP All-In-One Certification Exam Guide

D Once the strategies have been decided upon, they need to be documented and put into place. This moves the efforts from a purely planning stage to an actual implementation and action phase...The disaster recovery and continuity plan should be tested periodically because an environment continually changes and each time it is tested, more improvements may be uncovered...The plan's maintenance can be incorporated into change management procedures so that any changes in the environment will be sure to be reflected in the plan itself. - Shon Harris All-in-one CISSP Certification Guide pg 611

D "Structured walk-through: 1. Functional representatives meet to review the plan in detail 2. Strategy involves a thorough look at each of the plan steps and the procedures that are invoked at that point in the plan 3. This ensures that the actual planned activities are accurately described in the plan. Pg 699 Hansche: Official (ISC)2 Guide to the CISSP Exam

C All though not directly answering the question a little inference lead to this "Priorities - It is extremely important to know what is critical versus nice to have... It is necessary to know which department must come online first, which second, and so on...It maybe more necessary to ensure that the database is up and running before working to bring the file server online." - Shon Harris All-in-one CISSP Certification Guide pg 604 CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing

D Explanation: You use the BIA as a guideline to create the contingency plan.

D "Due care and due diligence are terms that are used throughout this book. Due diligence is the act of investigating and understanding the risks the company faces. A company practices due care by developing security policies, procedures, and standards. Due care shows that a company has taken responsibility for the activities that take place within the corporation and has taken the necessary steps to help protect the company, its resources, and employees from possible risks. So due diligence is understanding the current threats and risks and due care is implementing countermeasures to provide protection from those threats. If a company does not practice due care and due diligence pertaining to the security of its assets, it can be legally charged with negligence and held accountable for any ramifications of that negligence." Pg. 85 Shon Harris: All-in-One CISSP Certification "The following list describes some of the actions required to show that due care is being properly practiced in a corporation: 1. Adequate physical and logical access controls 2. Adequate telecommunication security, which could require encryption 3. Proper information, application, and hardware backups 4. Disaster recovery and business continuity plans 5. Periodic review, drills, tests, and improvement in disaster recovery and business continuity plans 6. Properly informing employees of expected behavior and ramifications of not following these expectations 7. Developing a security policy, standards, procedures, and guidelines 8. Performing security awareness training 9. Running updated antivirus software 10. Periodically performing penetration tests from outside and inside the network 11. Implementing dial-back or preset dialing features on remote access applications 12. Abiding by and updating external service level agreements (SLAs) 13. Ensuring that downstream security responsibilities are being met 14. Implementing measures that ensure that software piracy is not taking place 15. Ensuring the proper auditing and reviewing of those audit logs are taking place 16. Conducting background checks on potential employees" Pg. 616 Shon Harris: All-in-One CISSP Certification

A Due Care: care which an ordinary prudent person would have exercised under the same or similar circumstances. "Due Care" and "Reasonable Care" are used interchangeably. -Ronald Krutz The CISSP PREP Guide (gold edition) pg 896

B "When companies come together to work in an integrated manner, such as extranets and VANs, special care must be taken to ensure that teach party promises to provide the necessary level of protection, liability, and responsibility needed, which should be clearly defined in the contracts that each party signs. Auditing and testing should be performed to ensure that each party is indeed holding up its side of the bargain and that its technology integrates properly with all other parties. Interoperability can become a large, frustrating, and expensive issue in these types of arrangements. If one of the companies does no provide the necessary level of protection and their negligence affects a partner they are working with, the affected company can sue the upstream company. For example, let's say company A and company B have constructed an extranet. Company A does not put in controls to detect and del with viruses. Company A gets infected with a destructive virus and it is spread to company B through the extranet. The virus corrupts critical data and causes massive disruption to company B's production. Company B can sue company A for being negligent. Both companies need to make sure that they are doing their part to ensure that their activities, or lack of them, will not negatively affect another company, which is referred to as downstream liability." Pg 616 Shon Harris: All-in-One CISSP Certification

A Explanation: Crackers are individuals who try to break into a computer system. The term was coined in the mid-80s by hackers who wanted to differentiate themselves from individuals whose sole purpose is to sneak through security systems. Whereas crackers sole aim is to break into secure systems, hackers are more interested in gaining knowledge about computer systems and possibly using this knowledge for playful pranks. Although hackers still argue that there's a big difference between what they do and what crackers do, the mass media has failed to understand the distinction, so the two terms -- hack and crack -- are often used interchangeably.

B "Other security packages, such as the popular Tripwire data integrity assurance packages, also provide a secondary antivirus functionality. Tripwire is designed to alert administrators of CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing unauthorized file modifications. It's often used to detect web server defacements and similar attacks, but it also may provide some warning of virus infections if critical system executable files, such as COMMAND.COM, are modified unexpectedly. These systems work by maintaining a database of hash values for all files stored on the system. These archive hash values are then compared to current computed values to detect any files that were modified between the two periods." Pg. 224 Tittel: CISSP Study Guide

B CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing The references indicate that transportation is important. Each piece of evidence should be marked in some way with the date, time, initials of the collector, and a case number if one has been assigned...The pieces of evidence should then be sealed in a container and the container should be marked with the same information. The container should be sealed with evidence tape and if possible, the writing should be on the tape so a broken seal can be detected. - Shon Harris All-in-one CISSP Certification Guide pg 673 In many cases, it is not possible for a witness to uniquely identify an object in court. In those cases, a chain of evidence must be established. This involves everyone who handles evidence - including the police who originally collect it, the evidence technicians who process it, and the lawyers who use it in court. The location of the evidence must be fully documented from the moment it was collected to the moment it appears in court to ensure that it is indeed the same item. This requires thorough labeling of evidence and comprehensive logs noting who had access to the evidence at specific times and the reasons they required such access." Pg. 593 Tittel: CISSP Study Guide. The evidence life cycle covers the evidence gathering and application process. This life cycle has the following components: Discovery and recognition Protection Recording Collection Collect all relevant storage media Make image of hard disk before removing power Print out screen Avoid degaussing equipment Identification Preservation Protect magnetic media from erasure Store in proper environment Transportation Presentation in a court of law Return of evidence to owner Pg. 309 Krutz: The CISSP Prep Guide The life cycle of evidence includes * Collection and identification * Storage, preservation, and transportation * Presentation in court * Being returned to victim or owner Pg 677 Shon Harris: All-In-One CISSP Certification Exam Guide

B "Most of the time, computer-related documents are considered hearsay, meaning the evidence is secondhand evidence. Hearsay evidence is not normally admissible in court unless it has firsthand evidence that can be used to prove the evidence's accuracy, trustworthiness, and reliability, such as a businessperson who generated the computer logs and collected them." Pg. 630 Shon Harris: All-in-One CISSP Certification

C Corroborative evidence is supporting evidence used to help prove an idea or point. It cannot stand on its own, but is used as a supplementary tool to help prove a primary piece of evidence. - Shon Harris All-in-one CISSP Certification Guide pg 678

D "If a computer crime is suspected, it is important not to alert the suspect. A preliminary investigation should be conducted to determine weather a crime has been committed by examining the audit records and system logs, interviewing witnesses, and assessing the damage incurred....Search warrants are issued when there is a probable cause for the search and provide legal authorization to search a location for specific evidence." -Ronald Krutz The CISSP PREP Guide (gold edition) pg 436

C Costs and how to recover are not considered in a computer crime scene incident.

D "The gathering, control, storage and preservation of evidence are extremely critical in any legal investigation." Pg 432 Krutz: The CISSP Prep Guide: Gold Edition.

B The gathering, control, storage, and preservation of evidence are extremely critical in any legal investigation. Because evidence involved in a computer crime might be intangible and subject to easy modification without a trace, evidence must be carefully handled and controlled throughout its entire life cycle. -Ronald Krutz The CISSP PREP Guide (gold edition) pg 432

C "On the other hand, there are also two major factors that may cause a company to shy away from calling in the authorities. First, the investigation will more than likely become public and may embarrass the company. Second, law enforcement authorities are bound to conduct an investigation that complies with the Fourth Amendment and other legal requirements that may not apply to a private investigation." Pg. 529 Tittel: CISSP Study Guide

B Reference: pg 600 Shon Harris: All-in-One CISSP Certification

B Correct answer is B. Data Haven. Data Haven A place where data that cannot legally be kept can be stashed for later use; an offshore web host. CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing This is an interesting topic; companies often need information that they are not legally allowed to know. For example, some hospitals are not allowed to mark patients as HIV positive (because it stigmatizes patients); staff members create codes or other ways so can take the necessary steps to protect themselves. http://www.technovelgy.com/ct/content.asp?Bnum=279 DATA HAVEN This phrase has been around for at least 15 years, but only in a specialist way. One sense is that of a place of safety and security for electronic information, for example where encrypted copies of crucial data can be stored as a backup away from one's place of business. But it can also mean a site in which data can be stored outside the jurisdiction of regulatory authorities. This sense has come to wider public notice recently as a result of Neal Stephenson's book Cryptonomicon, in which the establishment of such a haven in South East Asia is part of the plot. In a classic case of life imitating art, there is now a proposal to set up a data haven on one of the old World War Two forts off the east coast of Britain, which declared independence under the name of Sealand back in 1967 (it issues its own stamps and money, for example). The idea is to get round a proposed British law-the Regulation of Investigatory Powers Bill (RIP)-that would force firms to hand over decryption keys if a crime is suspected and make Internet providers install equipment to allow interception of e-mails by the security services. The Privacy Act doesn't protect information from being transferred from New Zealand to data havens-countries that don't have adequate privacy protection. [Computerworld, May 1999] The government last night poured cold water on a plan by a group of entrepreneurs to establish a "data haven" on a rusting iron fortress in the North Sea in an attempt to circumvent new anti-cryptography laws. [Guardian, June 2000] World Wide Words is copyright (c) Michael Quinion, 1996-2004. All rights reserved. Contact the author for reproduction requests. Comments and feedback are always welcome. Page created 17 June 2000; last updated October 2002. http://www.worldwidewords.org/turnsofphrase/tp-dat2.htm Not C: The majority google searches for 'Country of Convenience' relate to those countries supporting terrorism. Not D: the meaning of sanctioned is listed below. This would mean that countries that DON'T protect privacy are APPROVED Main Entry: 2sanction Function: transitive verb Inflected Form(s): sanctioned; sanction*ing Date: 1778 1 to make valid or binding usually by a formal procedure (as ratification) 2 to give effective or authoritative approval or consent

B Reference: pg 722 Hansche: Official (ISC)2 Guide to the CISSP Exam

C Reference: pg 615 Shon Harris: All-in-One CISSP Certification

D Reference: Page 629 of Shon Harris's All in One Exam Guide, Second Ed.

C The team should have someone from senior management, the network administrator, security officer, possibly a network engineer and /or programmer, and liaison for public affairs...The incident response team should have the following basic items List of outside agencies and resources to contact or report to List of computer or forensics experts to contact Steps on how to secure and preserve evidence Steps on how to search for evidence List of items that should be included on the report A list that indicates how the different systems should be treated in this type of situation (removed from internet, removed from the network, and powered down) - Shon Harris All-in-one CISSP Certification Guide pg 671-672 ..an investigation should involve management, corporate security, human resources, the legal department, and other appropriate staff members. The act of investigating may also affect critical operations...Thus it is important to prepare a plan beforehand on how to handle reports of suspected computer crimes. A committee of appropriate personnel should be set up beforehand to address the following issues Establishing a prior liaison with law enforcement Deciding when and whether to bring in law enforcement... Setting up means of reporting computer crimes Establishing procedures for handling and processing reports of computer crime Planning for and conducting investigations Involving senior management and the appropriate departments, such as legal, internal audit, information systems, and human resources Ensuring the proper collection of evidence, which includes identification and protection of the various storage media. -Ronald Krutz The CISSP PREP Guide (gold edition) pg 435-436

C In the references I have not found out anything that directly relates to this but It would be logical to assume the answer of going to necessary management. "ISC2 Code of Ethics.... ...Not commit or be party to any unlawful or unethical act that may negatively affect their professional reputation or the reputation of their profession. ...Appropriately report activity related to the profession that they believe to be unlawful and shall cooperate with the resulting investigations." -Ronald Krutz The CISSP PREP Guide (gold edition) pg 440

A Both A and C are correct in that they are true but from a CISSP viewpoint looking into a PC the cookies CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing show a map of where the user has been. Therefore I think A is the better choice. "Any web site that knows your identity and has cookie for you could set up procedures to exchange their data with the companies that buy advertising space from them, synchronizing the cookies they both have on your computer. This possibility means that once your identity becomes known to a single company listed in your cookies file, any of the others might know who you are every time you visit their sites. The result is that a web site about gardening that you never told your name could sell not only your name to mail-order companies, but also the fact that you spent a lot of time one Saturday night last June reading about how to fertilize roses. More disturbing scenarios along the same lines could be imagined." http://www.junkbusters.com/cookies.html

A can only assume that they mean piracy or something.

D CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing Not C. "To generate a digital signature, the digital signal program passes the file to be sent through a one-way hash function. This hash function produces a fixed size output from a variable size input." Pg. 208 Krutz: The CISSP Prep Guide: Gold Edition.

D "It is very important that the person, or people, conducting the forensics investigation is skilled in this trade and knows what to look out for. If a person reboots the attacked system or goes around looking at different files, it could corrupt viable evidence, change timestamps on key files, and erase footprints the criminal may have left. One very good first step is to make a sound image of the attacked system and perform forensic analysis on this copy. This will ensure that the evidence stays unharmed on the original system in case some steps in the investigation actually corrupt or destroy data. Also the memory of the system should be dumped to a file before doing any work on the system or powering it down." - Shon Harris All-in-one CISSP Certification Guide pg 672-673 PCMCIA to SCSI and parallel to SCSI forensic products can be found at the following vendor. http://www.icsforensic.com/products_cat_fr.cfm

B Never conduct your investigation on an actual system that was compromised. Take the system offline, make a backup, and use the backup to investigate the incident. - Ed Tittle CISSP Study Guide (sybex) pg 595

B Reference: pg 405 Tittel: CISSP Study Guide

B Explanation: "The United States Kennedy-Kassebaum Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPPA-Public Law 104-191), effective August 21, 1996, addresses the issues of health care privacy, security, transactions and code sets, unique identifies, electronic signatures, and plan portability in the United States." Pg 499-500 Krutz: The CISSP Prep Guide: Gold Edition. CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing

D Explanation: Incident handling is not related to disaster recovery, it is related to security incidents.

D Explanation: Wrong: Both A and B could be the result of a man-in-the-middle attack, but neither are man-in-the-middle attacks. For example someone who uses a packet capturing device, such as a "sniffer" to obtain an unencrypted user ID and password to one or more PCs or servers and then the platforms to launch a DOS attach or create a Buffer Overflow by exploiting an application flaw or OS Vulnerability.

A Explanation: Packet Filtering Firewall - only examines an IP packet based on Source IP (SIP), Destination IP (DIP), Source Port and Destination Port for both UDP and TCP by subjecting each IP packet to an Access Control List.

B CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing Explanation: Polices are ever evolving process that requires updating. Polices must change as the goals, functions and responsibilities of a company, government or employee changes. A simple policy exception could be - No unauthorized person or persons can enter the computer room. The Exception would be - Unless cleared by management and escorted by an authorized individual. In some cases there are NO exceptions - An example: Military TOP Secret information can ONLY be handled by someone with a TOP secret Clearanve;thus answer A is incorrect.

B Explanation: From Wikipedia: International Data Encryption Algorithm (IDEA) operates on 64-bit blocks using a 128-bit key, and consists of a series of eight identical transformations (a round, see the illustration) and an output transformation (the half-round). The processes for encryption and decryption are similar. IDEA derives much of its security by interleaving operations from different groups - modular addition and multiplication, and bitwise eXclusive OR (XOR) - which are algebraically "incompatible" in some sense.

C Explanation: C is the only logical choice. Awareness and the importance of security and risk can not be improved or awareness be increased with only money. Awareness is produced by providing employees with education and training. Reference the Training and Education Triad. Exam Cram 2 CISSP Page 52

B Explanation: A network security engineer or other security personal must configure the IDS to detect alerts for specified security events, so the IDS will log the threat event. An IDS can either be a Network or Host based. Both have default settings and allow the administrator to configure triggers for alerts.

B Explanation: As a CISSP, one needs to discourage unsafe practices and/or bad practices, and preserve and strengthen the integrity of the public infrastructures. See "All-in-One Exam Guide" Third Edition by Shon Harris page 753 or www.isc2.org.

Explanation: This question makes no sense. There are some questions on the actual CISSP exam that are not used for research only purposes and are not used to grade the exam.. This problem is not a SLE, because SLE pertains to a one year period of time. Based on the information provided the value of the product could be lower or higher due to market demands. This question has more to do with economics then SLE. CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing

Explanation: Single Loss Expectancy (SLE) Estimate potential losses (SLE)-this step involves determining the single loss expectancy (SLE). SLE is calculated as follows: Single loss expectancy x Asset value = Exposure factor Items to consider when calculating the SLE include the physical destruction or theft of assets, the loss of data, the theft of information, and threats that might cause a delay in processing. The exposure factor is the measure or percent of damage that a realized threat would have on a specific asset.

Explanation: Determine annual loss expectancy (ALE)-This third and final step of the quantitative assessment seeks to combine the potential loss and rate per year to determine the magnitude of the risk. This is expressed as annual loss expectancy (ALE). ALE is calculated as follows: Annualized loss expectancy (ALE) x Single loss expectancy (SLE) = Annualized rate of occurrence (ARO)

D Explanation: Discretionary control is the most common type of access control mechanism implemented in computer systems today. The basis of this kind of security is that an individual user, or program operating on the user's behalf, is allowed to specify explicitly the types of access other users (or programs executing on their behalf) may have to information under the user's control. Discretionary security differs from mandatory security in that it implements the access control decisions of the user. Mandatory controls are driven by the results of a comparison between the user's trust level or clearance and the sensitivity designation of the information. CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing

C Explanation: The DES algorithm in Electronic Codebook (ECB) mode is used for DEK and MIC encryption when symmetric key management is employed. The character string "DES-ECB" within an encapsulated PEM header field indicates use of this algorithm/mode combination. A compliant PEM implementation supporting symmetric key management shall support this algorithm/mode combination. This mode of DES encryption is the best suited for database encryption because of its low overhead. ECB Mode has some weakness, here they are: 1. ECB Mode encrypts a 64-bit block independently of all other 64-bit blocks 2. Given the same key, identical plaintext will encrypt the same way 3. Data compression prior to ECB can help (as with any mode) 4. Fixed block size of 64 bits therefore incomplete block must be padded

B Explanation: This is the main concept, when we talk about a possible risk we always have a possible vulnerability in the system attacked. This vulnerability can make a threat to be successful. We can say that the level of risk can be measures through the level of vulnerabilities in our current systems and the ability of the attackers to exploit them to make a threat successful.

B Explanation: This is the right answer, with a separation of the two environments (Test and development), we can get a more stable and more "in control" environment, Since we are making tests in the development environment, we don't want our production processes there, we don't want to experiment things in our production processes. With a separation of the environments we can get a more risk free production environment and more control and flexibility over the test environment for the developers.

A Explanation: This is not a good practice, we cannot involves the CEO of the company to deal with the media in every case we have a disaster, depending on the severity of the disaster we can make the CEO talk, but the best practice in the real world is to have a well-known person with that role, with special speaking capabilities and knowledge about press methods. In general, the CEO always gets news of what happened, and he decides the company politics, then another designed employee (Usually from the disaster recovery team) deals with the media.

B CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing Explanation: Class (B1) or "Labeled Security Protection" systems require all the features required for class (C2). In addition, an informal statement of the security policy model, data labeling, and mandatory access control over named subjects and objects must be present. The capability must exist for accurately labeling exported information. Any flaws identified by testing must be removed.

A Explanation: Remember that when we talk about a BIA (Business Impact Analysis), we are analyzing and identifying possible issues about our infrastructure, in this kind of analysis we don't make suggestions about what to do to recover from them. This is not an action plan, It's an analysis about the business, the process that it relays on, the level of the systems and a estimative of the financial impact, or in other words, how much many we loose with our systems down.

A Explanation: Discretionary Access Control (DAC) is used to control access by restricting a subject's access to an object. It is generally used to limit a user's access to a file. In this type of access control it is the owner of the file who controls other users' accesses to the file. Using a DAC mechanism allows users control over access rights to their files. When these rights are managed correctly, only those users specified by the owner may have some combination of read, write, execute, etc. permissions to the file.

C Explanation: 100BaseTX is a 100-Mbps baseband Fast Ethernet specification using two pairs of either UTP or STP wiring. The first pair of wires is used to receive data; the second is used to transmit. To guarantee proper signal timing, a 100BaseTX segment cannot exceed 100 meters in length. This specification of Ethernet is based on the IEEE 802.3 standard.

B Explanation: This protocol was created by VISA and MasterCard as a common effort to make the buying process over the Internet secure through the distribution line of those companies. It is located in layer 7 of the OSI model. SET uses a system of locks and keys along with certified account IDs for both consumers and merchants. Then, through a unique process of "encrypting" or scrambling the information exchanged between the shopper and the online store, SET ensures a payment process that is convenient, private and most of all secure. Specifically, SET: 1. Establishes industry standards to keep your order and payment information confidential. 2. Increases integrity for all transmitted data through encryption. 3. Provides authentication that a cardholder is a legitimate user of a branded payment card account. 4. Provides authentication that a merchant can accept branded payment card transactions through its relationship with an acquiring financial institution. 5. Allows the use of the best security practices and system design techniques to protect all legitimate parties in an electronic commerce transaction. The SET process relies strongly on the use of certificates and digital signatures for the process of authentication and integrity of the information. CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing

D Explanation: Security controls and access controls are normally designed in the "Detailed" phase of design. In this phase you have the design of many of the security features of your development like authentication, confidentiality functionality, non repudiation capabilities. In this phase you can also define what is going to be the access control method for the software, we can make it discretionary (less restrictive), mandatory (more restrictive), role based and others.

C Explanation: Preventive technical controls are used to prevent unauthorized personnel or programs from gaining remote access to computing resources. Examples of these controls include: Access control software. Antivirus software. Library control systems. Password and Password management Smart cards. Encryption. Dial-up access control and callback sytems About Passwords: Passwords are used to verify that the user of an ID is the owner of the ID. The ID-password combination is unique to each user and therefore provides a means of holding users accountable for their activity on the system. Fixed passwords that are used for a defined period of time are often easy for hackers to compromise; therefore, great care must be exercised to ensure that these passwords do not CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing appear in any dictionary. Fixed passwords are often used to control access to specific data bases. In this use, however, all persons who have authorized access to the data base use the same password; therefore, no accountability can be achieved. Currently, dynamic or one-time passwords, which are different for each log-on, are preferred over fixed passwords. Dynamic passwords are created by a token that is programmed to generate passwords randomly. The management of those passwords is part of Preventive control.

C Explanation: This is obviously a term not related to Profit, a "due" is not going to give us profit, its going to give us the opposite. Its always a good practice to pay your due. This can be learned in the real life. A Prudent man always pays its due, also a Good faith men pays them. This term is not related to profit.

D Explanation: Life cycle assurance is more than configuration management. Reference: "Operational assurance focuses on the basic features and architecture of a system that lend themselves to supporting security. There are five requirements or elements of operation assurance: * System architecture * System integrity * Covert channel analysis * Trusted facility management * Trusted Recovery Life cycle assurance focuses on the controls and standards that are necessary for designing, building, and maintaining a system. The following are the four requirements or elements of life CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing cycle assurance: * Security testing * Design specification and testing * Configuration Management * Trusted distribution" Pg 398 Tittel

A Explanation: The Trusted Computer System Evaluation Criteria (TCSEC) is a collection of criteria used to grade or rate the security offered by a computer system product. The TCSEC is sometimes referred to as "the Orange Book" because of its orange cover. The current version is dated 1985 (DOD 5200.28-STD, Library No.S225,711) The TCSEC, its interpretations and guidelines all have different color covers, and are sometimes known as the "Rainbow Series".

C Explanation: A Static password is one that remains the same until its changed. Its like the password that we use in the operating systems, you set it, and then you always use the same password to logon to the system for the time of the session. This password will give us access to the system and will be the vehicle to create our access token in a successful way to get our privileges. A one-time password is only valid for one use, dynamic ones change every certain condition is met, and two-time passwords can only be used two times. We can provide certain times of access with this kind of passwords. CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing

C Explanation: Since we want to maintain the backups offsite, its always better to send FULL-Backups because they contain a consistent base of the system. We perform the beginning of a restore through a full backup. Remember that the backups stored offsite are in most cases in a secure place, full backup in there are a best practice for any network administrator. With incremental or differential backups we don't have all we need to restore a system to a consistent state. We need to start from the full backup. "Offsite Backup" is not a valid backup method.

C Explanation: In secret key cryptography, a single key is used for both encryption and decryption. The sender uses the key (or some set of rules) to encrypt the plaintext and sends the cipher text to the receiver. The receiver applies the same key (or rule set) to decrypt the message and recover the plaintext. Because a single key is used for both functions, secret key cryptography is also called symmetric encryption. With this form of cryptography, it is obvious that the key must be known to both the sender and the receiver ; that in fact, is the secret. The biggest difficulty with this approach, of course, is the distribution of the key. Symmetric encryption is around 1000 times faster than Asymmetric encryption, the second is commonly used just to encrypt the keys for Symmetric Cryptography.

B Explanation: The TCP/IP reference model is the network model used in the current Internet architecture. It has its origins back in the 1960's with the grandfather of the Internet, the ARPANET. This was a research network sponsored by the Department of Defense in the United States. The reference model was named after two of its main protocols, TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) and IP (Internet Protocol). They choose to build a packet-switched network based on a connectionless internet layer. Here is a representation of it: "The TCP/IP Protocol Model is similar to the OSI model, but it defines only the following four layers instead of seven: Application Layer. Consists of the applications and processes that use the network. Host-to-Host Transport Layer. Provides end-to-end data delivery service to the Application Layer. Internet Layer. Defines the IP datagram and handles the routing of data across networks. Network Access or Link Layer. Consists of routines for accessing physical networks and the electrical connection." Pg 112 Krutz: The CISSP Prep Guide: Gold Edition. CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing

A Explanation: This is true, when we use optical media like CD´s to make our backups we need a constant throughput on the file access and data transfer inside the disk because of the risk to get a buffer overrun error in the CD writer. If the buffer user by the CD burner is empty and the Hard disk does not provide data for that time, the Backup will be unsuccessful. This can be solved with a Technology known as "Burn Proof".

B Explanation: This is not a main function of a firewall, packet switching is a main feature of a Switch (working only in the layer 2 of the OSI model). Firewall are network security devices that can function through layer 2 to layer 7 of the OSI model. They usually include rule engine that enforce the enterprise security policy of the company. They provide protocol filtering to enforce our requirements through the forwarded or deny of traffic. They also provide logging capabilities so we can analyze what is happening in a very low level in our network.

C Explanation: Through the use of a view we can provide security for the organization restricting users access to certain data or to the real tables containing the information in our database. For example, we can create a view that brings data from 3 tables, only showing 2 of the 4 columns in each. Instead of giving access to the tables that contain the information, we give access to the view, so the user can access this fixed information but does not have privileges over the tables containing it. This provides security.

B Explanation: This functionality is provided through mail services, this service permits collaboration between users in an internal and external level. We usually use two protocols, "SMTP" in port TCP 25 to send the emails and "POP3" in port TCP 110 to receive them. Currently there is another protocol that is gaining popularity, it is "IMAP4". Print services are used for printing documents and file services are used to share and access files and folders inside the infrastructure.

D Explanation: This is one of the features of intrusion detections, instead of being pro-active, it has a reactive behavior. When we set an IDS system inside of our network or hosts, the IDS agent is constantly monitoring in real time what activities are being performed in the infrastructure. If the IDS founds a malicious activity taking place it can take actions against it like disabling interfaces, alerting the administrators or sending network attacks to the source to put it out of service. CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing As a difference to the detective behavior of IDS, we can also increase the security with practices like hardening our systems ,this is considered a preventive practice.

A Explanation: "One-time" or "dynamic" password technology concept is having your remote host already know a password that is not going to go over insecure channels and when you connect, you get a challenge. You take the challenge information and password and plug it into an algorithm which generates the response that should get the same answer if the password is the same on the both sides. Therefore the password never goes over the network, nor is the same challenge used twice. Unlike SecurID or SNK, with S/key you do not share a secret with the host. Other one time password technology is card systems where each user gets a card that generates numbers that allow access to their account. Without the card, it is improbable to guess the numbers.

B Explanation: Tokens are usually used to provide authentication through "What we have", is most commonly implemented to provide two-factor authentication. For example, SecurID requires two pieces of information, a password and a token. The token is usually generated by the SecurID token - a small electronic device that users keep with them that display a new number every 60 seconds. Combining this number with the users password allows the SecurID server to determine whatever or not the user should be granted access. CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing

A Explanation: The Take-Grant System is a model that helps in determining the protection rights (e.g., read or write) in a computer system. The Take-Grant system was introduced by Jones, Lipton, and Snyder to show that it is possible to decide on the safety of a computer system even when the number of subjects and objects are very large, or unbound. This can be accomplished in linear time based on the initial size of the system. The take-grant system models a protection system which consists of a set of states and state transitions. A directed graph shows the connections between the nodes of this system. These nodes are representative of the subjects or objects of the model. The directed edges between the nodes represent the rights that one node has over the linked node.

D Explanation: Since its impossible to control all the efforts of the users to install software without the proper licenses in their PC´s (Specially downloaded from the Internet), the best way to prevent licenses violations is through regular audit to every single user PC to see what's the installed programs are and what's the nature of them (Shareware, freeware, licensed). We cant use LAN monitoring software because not all the applications are network enabled, also, there is usually a policy about software installation, but the users do not rely on them many times. It also a very nice practice to punish the users making software license violations.

A Explanation: This is the primary use of this kind of devices, since they are very portable (a medium-size external box) and they provide standard interfaces to the PC, they are usually used in data exchange because of their high capacity in comparison to the 3.5 floppy diskettes. We can make changes in the media used by this devices, but is not their primary use. Compression is not the best feature of this devices, their usually depend on File system compression. Absolutely, the best use of this boxes is for data exchange.

D Explanation: Software Systems Quality Assurance (SQA) is defined as a planned and systematic approach to the evaluation of the quality of and adherence to software product standards, processes, andprocedures. SQA includes the process of assuring that standards and procedures are established and are followed throughout the software acquisition life cycle. Compliance with agreed-upon standards and procedures is evaluated through process monitoring, product evaluation, and audits. Software development and control processes should include quality assurance approval points, where an SQA evaluation of the product may be done in relation to the applicable standards. The 2 types available are : Operational assurance (that specified that the operation compiles with the required) and Life-Cycle assurance (that specifies that the system has passed through all the Software life-cycle).

A Explanation: Since the compiled code has already been translated to binary language (the language understanded natively by the computers), its very difficult for us (the humans) to detect malicious code inside an application, this is because its not apparently visible, you have to find that malicious code through the behavior of the program. Instead, when we talk about Interpreted code, we use a language interpreter, that is a piece of software that allows the end-user to write a program in some human-readable language, and have this program executed directly by the interpreter. This is in contrast to language compilers, that translate the human-readable code into machine-readable code, so that the end-user can execute the machine-readable code at a later time.This is far more easier to detect malicious code inside the programs, you just need to see what piece of code produced the undesired action.

C Explanation: The Capability Maturity Model for Software describes the principles and practices underlying software process maturity and is intended to help software organizations improve the maturity of their software processes in terms of an evolutionary path from ad hoc, chaotic processes to mature, disciplined software processes. The CMM is organized into five maturity levels:1) Initial. The software process is characterized as ad hoc, and occasionally even chaotic. Few processes are defined, and success depends on individual effort and heroics.2) Repeatable. Basic project management processes are established to track cost, schedule, and functionality. The necessary process discipline is in place to repeat earlier successes on projects with similar applications.3)Defined. The software process for both management and engineering activities is documented, standardized, and integrated into a standard software process for the organization. All projects use an approved, tailored version of the organization's standard software process for developing and maintaining software.4) Managed. Detailed measures of the software process and product quality are collected. Both the software process and products are quantitatively understood and controlled.5) Optimizing. Continuous process improvement CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing is enabled by quantitative feedback from the process and from piloting innovative ideas and technologies.

A Explanation: The Red box basically simulates the sounds of coins being dropped into the coin slot of a payphone. The traditional Red Box consisting of a pair of Wien-bridge oscillators with the timing controlled by 555 timer chips.The Blue Box, The mother of all boxes, The first box in history, which started the whole phreaking scene. Invented by John Draper (aka "Captain Crunch") in the early 60s, who discovered that by sending a tone of 2600Hz over the telephone lines of AT&T, it was possible to make free calls.A Black Box is a device that is hooked up to your phone that fixes your phone so that when you get a call, the caller doesn't get charged for the call. This is good for calls up to 1/2 hour, after 1/2 hour the Phone Co. gets suspicious, and then you can guess what happens.The White Box turns a normal touch tone keypad into a portable unit. This kind of box can be commonly found in a phone shop.

C Explanation: Ethernet traffic is transported in units of a frame, where each frame has a definite beginning and end. Here is an Ethernet frame: CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing In this picture we define: 1. Preamble Field used for synchronization, 64-bits 2. Destination Address Ethernet address of the destination host, 48-bits 3. Source Address Ethernet address of the source host, 48-bits 4. Type of data encapsulated, e.g. IP, ARP, RARP, etc, 16-bits. 5. Data Field Data area, 46-1500 bytes, which has Destination Address Internet address of destination host Source Address Internet address of source host 6. CRC Cyclical Redundancy Check, used for error detection

A Explanation: ALE (Annualized Loss Expectancy) calculations are a component of every risk analysis process. ALE calculations when done properly portray risk accurately. ALE calculations provide meaningful cost/benefit analysis. ALE calculations are used to: 1. Identify risks 2. Plan budgets for information risk management 3. Calculate loss expectancy in annualized terms SLE x ARO = ALE

A CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing Explanation: This is a well known issue knew by many programmers, since the operating system is allowing the executables to be used by many users in different sessions at the same time, and there is not refreshing every certain time, there will be a disclosure of residual data. To fix this we need to get sure that objects are refreshed frequently, for added security its better an OS that does not allow the use of an executable object by many users at the same time.

A Explanation: This is the function of a tape robot/changer working on a media library / jukebox. We can get as many as 32 / 64 or even more tapes action as a single logical unit. You can have a robot that changes and retrieves the different tapes when they are needed, so you see the whole bunch of tapes as it's a single logical storage solution for you. This kind of solutions are very expensive.

D Explanation: One of the most obvious reasons why false alarms occur is because tools are stateless. To detect an intrusion, simple pattern matching of signatures is often insufficient. However, that's what most tools do. Then, if the signature is not carefully designed, there will be lots of matches. For example, tools detect attacks in sendmail by looking for the words "DEBUG" or "WIZARD" as the first word of a line. If this is in the body of the message, it's in fact innocuous, but if the tool doesn't differentiate between the header and the body of the mail, then a false alarm is generated. Finally, there are many events happening in the course of the normal life of any system or network that can be mistaken for attacks. A lot of sysadmin activity can be catalogued as CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing anomalous. Therefore, a clear correlation between attack data and administrative data should be established to cross-check that everything happening on a system is actually desired. Normal patterns and user activities are usually confused with attacks by IDS devices, its expected that the 2nd generations IDS systems will decrease the percent of false positives.

C Explanation: According to the classification levels of the private sector, this information is classified as Private because this information is from a personal nature. There is no need for other employees to see details about your health or you salary range, this can lead to internal problems inside the company, problems like jealous employees.

B Explanation: Polyinstantiation represents an environment characterized by information stored in more than one location in the database. This permits a security model with multiple levels-of-view and authorization. The current problem with polyinstantiation is ensuring the integrity of the information in the database. Without an effective method for the simultaneous updating of all occurrences of the same data element - integrity cannot be guaranteed.

A Explanation: This is the proper term, "Verification", this term is used when we are making a comparison of a product against a specification. For example, you can have a product that is build on open standards, you can have a proof of that by making a "verification" of it against the standards or specifications included in those.

D Explanation: A proxy server is a server that sits between a client and server application, such as a Web browser and a source web server. It intercepts all requests to the real server to see if it can fulfill the requests itself. If not, it forwards the request to the original source web server. Firewalls usually provides this kind of services to have more control over user request and allow / deny the traffic of those through the gateway. At this time the most common Proxy server is for HTTP protocol, we can also have proxies for SMTP and FTP.

B Explanation: The Land attack involves the perpetrator sending spoofed packet(s) with the SYN flag set to the victim's machine on any open port that is listening. If the packet(s) contain the same destination and source IP address as the host, the victim's machine could hang or reboot. In addition, most systems experience a total freeze up, where as CTRL-ALT-DELETE fails to CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing work, the mouse and keyboard become non operational and the only method of correction is to reboot via a reset button on the system or by turning the machine off. Vulnerable Systems: This will affect almost all Windows 95, Windows NT, Windows for Workgroups systems that are not properly patched and allow Net Bios over TCP/IP. In addition, machines running services such as HTTP, FTP, Identd, etc that do not filter packet(s), that contain the same source / destination IP address, can still be vulnerable to attack through those ports. Prevention: This attack can be prevented for open / listening ports by filtering inbound packets containing the same source / destination IP address at the router or firewall level. For most home users not running a lot of services, and for those who use IRC, disabling the Identd server within their client will stop most attacks since the identd service (113) is becoming the most attacked service/port.

A Explanation: The ASYNCHRONOUS (ASYNC) format for data transmission is a procedure or protocol in which each information CHARACTER or BYTE is individually synchronized or FRAMED by the use of Start and Stop Elements, also referred to as START BITS and STOP BITS. The Asynchronous Transmission Format is also known as START-STOP mode or CHARACTER mode. Each character or byte is framed as a separate and independent unit of DATA that may be transmitted and received at irregular and independent time intervals. The characters or bytes may also be transmitted as a contiguous stream or series of characters.

A Explanation: This is what the static's says. Most of the downtime is cause of unexpected hardware failure. Commonly you just replace the FRU (Field replazable unit) when they fail. Usually a well written software does not fail if the hardware is running correctly. The human errors are controllable and natural disasters are not very often. Hardware failure is very common, it's a good practice to have spare disks, NIC and any other hardware FRU´s in your company to minimize the downtime with quick replacements.

A Explanation: This kind of RAID is totally depended on the operating system, this is because the server does not have any special hardware - RAID controller in the board. This kind of RAID implementation usually degrades performance because it takes many CPU cycles. A very common example of software RAID is the support for it on Windows 2000 Server, where you can create RAID 0,1 and 5 through heterogeneous disks, you can even make a RAID between one SCSI and one EIDE disk. The software implementation is hardware independent always that the disks are recognized by the Operating System.

C Explanation: The System Development Life Cycle is the process of developing information systems through investigation, analysis, design, implementation, and maintenance. The System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) is also known as Information Systems Development or Application Development. If you take a look at the standard IT system life cycle chart, you will see that everything that deals with security requirements is done at the "development" CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing stage. In this stage you can create the access controls, the form of authentication to use and all the other security requirements.

B Explanation: Since we want to deal with printer reports, we are talking about output controls, Why, because printer produce output, and we can control it. As a best practice you can have people dedicated in the company to receive the different print jobs in the printing center, and people that takes care of the confidential information requiring a signature from the sender stating that the document was delivered to the owner in a timely and secure fashion.

B Explanation: An access control model defines a computer and/or network system's rules for user access to information resources. Access control models provide confidentiality, integrity and also provide accountability through audit trails. An audit trail documents the access of an object by a subject with a record of what operations were performed. Operations include: read, write, execute and own. Non-Discretionary Access Control is usually role-based, centrally administered with authorization decisions based on the roles individuals have within an organization (e.g. bank teller, loan officer, etc. in a banking model). A system's security administrator grants and/or revokes system privileges based on a user's role. This model works well for corporations with a large turnover of personnel. CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing

B Explanation: This is not a very good practice, specially for the CISSP examination, when you plan and develop the security policy for your enterprise you should always plan it with a long term focus. The policy should be created to be there for a long time, and you should only make revisions of it every certain time to comply with changes or things that could have changed. In a security policy the duties should be well specified, be understandable by the people involved in it, and specify areas of responsibility.

B Explanation: The correct answer can be determined through elimination. We need to have an acceptable fire rating for the walls, this is well known for any CISSP aspirant, its like that because we need to contain the fire as much as we can. We also need resistant doors so unauthorized people do not enter easily using the force. The people also need to know about fire suppression systems to be able to deal with a fire situation inside the facilities. As you can see, We should not protect windows with bars, this is a bad practice because, in the case of a fire, the people cannot get out of the building through the windows.

D Explanation: This is one of the pillars of network security. We can say that the data is available if we can access to it when we need it. This what is referred in the question, Availability refers to get access to data when and where you need it. Confidentiality deals with encryption and data protection against third party interception. Integrity deals with digital signatures and assures that the data has not changed. Acceptability is not a related term.

B Explanation: Business continuity is of course a vital activity. However, prior to the creation of a business continuity plan, it is essential to consider the potential impacts of disaster and to understand the underlying risks. It is now widely accepted that both business impact analysis and risk analysis are vital components of the business continuity process. However, many organizations are unsure of how to approach these important disciplines. BIA is important because it provides management level analysis by which an organization assesses the quantitative (financial) and qualitative (non-financial) impacts, effects and loss that might result if the organization were to suffer a Business Continuity E/I/C. The findings from a BIA are used to make decisions concerning Business Continuity Management strategy and solutions.

D Explanation: The Physical Layer is the layer that is concerned with the signaling of the message and the interface between the sender or receiver and the medium. The physical CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing layer is generally defined by one of the standards bodies and carries a designation that indicates the characteristics of the connection. Among frequently used physical layers standards are EIA-232-D, ITU V.35, and some of the X series (X.21/X.21bis, for example).

D Explanation: This is the correct term, remember that Availability refers to get access to data when and where you need it. When we talk about destruction, we are saying the opposite, if your information is destroyed, you cant access to it neither when or where you want it. Delegation deals with permissions, distribution deals with deployment and documentation deals with information and how to´s. The term we are looking here is definitively "destruction".

A Explanation: Behavior-based intrusion detection techniques assume that an intrusion can be detected by observing a deviation from normal or expected behavior of the system or the users. The model of normal or valid behavior is extracted from reference information collected by various means. The intrusion detection system later compares this model with the current activity. When a deviation is observed, an alarm is generated. In other words, anything that does not correspond to a previously learned behavior is considered intrusive. The high false alarm rate is generally cited as the main drawback of behavior-based techniques because the entire scope of the behavior of an information system may not be covered during the learning phase. Also, behavior can change over time, introducing the need for periodic online retraining of the behavior profile, resulting either in unavailability CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing of the intrusion detection system or in additional false alarms. To get the most out of this kind of IDS you need to have very static behavior on your network and the user actions, this is because any new thing is considered dangerous, providing many false-positives but increased security. If you are in a very "dynamic" environment these kind of IDS system is not recommended.

C Explanation: The Layer 2 Tunnel Protocol (L2TP) is an emerging Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) standard that combines the best features of two existing tunneling protocols: Cisco's Layer 2 Forwarding (L2F) and Microsoft's Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP). L2TP is an extension to the Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP), which is an important component for VPNs. VPNs allow users and telecommuters to connect to their corporate intranets or extranets. VPNs are cost-effective because users can connect to the Internet locally and tunnel back to connect to corporate resources. This not only reduces overhead costs associated with traditional remote access methods, but also improves flexibility and scalability. PPTP and L2TP are Layer 2 tunneling protocols; both encapsulate the payload in a Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) frame to be sent across an intermediate network.

C Explanation: The principle of biometrics is to use some unique characteristic to identify whether the person is who they say they are. Biometrics works by matching or verifying a person's unique traits with stored data in two categories: physiological characteristics and those that are behavioral. Physical indicators include iris, fingerprint, facial, or hand geometry. Behavior types are usually voiceprints, keystroke dynamics and handwritten signatures. Most biometric technologies require special hardware to convert analog CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing measurements of signatures, voices, or patterns of fingerprints and palm prints, to digital measurement, which computers can read. The biggest characteristic and problem of biometric implementations today is the accuracy, we must see the level of accuracy before buying a solution, because the technology is not perfect at this time and it can be erroneous sometimes.

A Explanation: This is true, if we do not use parity in our RAID implementation, like RAID 1 (Mirroring) or RAID 0 (Stripping) we can improve performance because the CPU does not need waste cycles to make the parity calculations. For example this can be achieved in Windows 2000 server through the use of RAID 0 (No fault tolerance, just stripping in 64kb chunks) or RAID 1 (Mirroring through a file system driver). This is not the case of RAID 5 that actually use parity to provide fault tolerance.

A Explanation: Here are 2 definitions for Data Integrity: 1. The condition existing when data is unchanged from its source and has not been accidentally or maliciously modified, altered, or destroyed. 2. The condition in which data are identically maintained during any operation, such as transfer, storage, and retrieval. Availability refers to get access to data when and where you need it. Confidentiality deals with encryption and data protection against third party interception. Identity deals with authentication. CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing

B Explanation: This is very obvious. Since we want to prevent something from happening, we can go out and buy some Guard dogs to make the job. You are buying them because you want to prevent something from happening. The intruder will see the dogs and will maybe go back, this prevents an attack, this dogs are a form of preventive control. Motion Detectors and IDS are real-time, Audit Logs are passive.

B Explanation: The one time pad is the most secure, and one of the simplest of all cryptographic methods. It was invented and patented just after World War I by Gilbert Vernam (of AT&T) and Joseph Mauborgne (USA, later chief of the Signal Corps). The fundamental features are that the sender and receiver each have a copy of an encryption key, which is as long as the message to be encrypted, and each key is used for only one message and then discarded. That key must be random, that is without pattern, and must remain unknown to any attacker. In addition, the key must never be reused, otherwise the cipher becomes trivially breakable. One of its features it's the key length, it's the same as the message.

A Explanation: The socket method of network use is a message-based system, in which one process writes a message to another. This is a long way from the procedural model. The remote procedure call is intended to act like a procedure call, but to act across the network transparently. The process makes a remote procedure call by pushing its parameters and a return address onto the stack, and jumping to the start of the procedure. The procedure itself is responsible for accessing and using the network. After the remote execution is over, the procedure jumps back to the return address. The calling process then continues. RPC works at the Session layer of the OSI model.

B Explanation: Lets do this with a elimination process. With padding messages you can countermeasure traffic analysis because you add garbage information to the message to let in end in a fixed length, this can confuse the analyzer. Sending noise on the communication line could also countermeasure analysis because the analyzer don't now how to differentiate between real information and noise. You can also covert channel analysis. Eavesdropping does not apply in this situation, its not considered a counter measure to traffic analysis.

C Explanation: Packet filtering firewalls work at the network level of the OSI model, or the IP layer of TCP/IP. These firewalls are normally part of a router, which is a device that receives and forwards packets to networks. "In a packet filtering firewall each packet is CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing compared to a set of criteria before it is forwarded. Depending on the packet and the criteria, the firewall can drop the packet, forward it, or send a message to the originator." The criteria used to evaluate a packet include source, destination IP address, destination port, and protocol used. These types of firewalls are low in cost and don't have much of an impact on the network's performance.

C Explanation: A surge is a prolonged spike, it occur when the power level rises above normal levels and then drop back to normal in less than one second. A Spike occurs when the power level rises above normal levels and stays there for more than 1 or 2 seconds.. A blackout is the total loss of power and a fault is the opposite of a Spike, it's a lowering in the voltage, its usually around one second. The surge is the most dangerous from the listed above.

D Explanation: The primary goal of the compartmented mode workstation (CMW) project was to articulate the security requirements that workstations must meet to process highly classified intelligence data. As a basis for the validity of the requirements developed, a prototype was implemented which demonstrated that workstations could meet the requirements in an operationally useful manner while still remaining binary compatible with off-the-shelf software. The security requirements not only addressed traditional CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing security concerns but also introduced concepts in areas such as labeling and the use of a trusted window management system. The CMW labeling paradigm is based on associating two types of security labels with objects: sensitivity levels and information labels. Sensitivity levels describe the levels at which objects must be protected. Information labels are used to prevent data over classification and also provide a mechanism for associating with data those markings that are required for accurate data labeling, but which play no role in access control decisions. The use of a trusted window manager allows users to easily operate at multiple sensitivity levels and provides a convenient mechanism for communicating security information to users in a relatively unobtrusive manner. Information labels are not used by reference monitor, permissions are referenced in Sensibility labels.

A Explanation: An information-system (IS) security mode of operation wherein each user with direct or indirect access to the system, its peripherals, remote terminals, or remote hosts, has all of the Following: (a) a valid security clearance for all information within the system; (b) formal access approval and signed nondisclosure agreements for all the information stored and/or processed (including all compartments, sub compartments, and/or special access programs); and (c) a valid need_to_know for all information contained within the IS. When in the dedicated security mode, a system is specifically and exclusively dedicated to and controlled for the processing of one particular type or classification of information, either for full-time operation or for a specified period of time.

D CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing Explanation: These are three of the main characteristics of a Reference Monitor. You need Isolation, because it cant be of public access, the less access the better. It must have a sense of completeness to provide the whole information and process cycles. It must be verifiable, to provide security, audit and accounting functions.

B Explanation: Positive Pressurization is a condition that exists when more air is supplied to a space than is exhausted, so the air pressure within that space is greater than that in surrounding areas. This condition can cause the situation mentioned above in the answer B, you can make air go out of a room but not enter to it from the outside.

C Explanation: According to CISSP documentation, this is the proper term, The Clipping level is used to determine suspicious occurrences that are a production of errors or mistakes. Checkpoint level is not a related term. Ceiling level is not related to baselines. Threshold level is attractive, but is not the correct term. Take a look at your CISSP documentation.

B Explanation: According to static's, this is the greatest cause, Electrical distribution systems, specially those not installed through standards are very prone to fail and make fire inside places. AC equipment its not very prone to make fire. Natural causes it's a possibility but is definitively not the most prevalent cause. Heating systems are a very rare case of Fire beginners.

C Explanation: A cold site has all the appropriate power requirements, and floor space to install the hardware and to enable you to recreate your computer environment, but does not provide the actual equipment. Many of the companies that provide hot sites also provide cold sites. It may be reasonable for your company to consider creating its won cold site if your company has floor space available in another location than the home site. They require much more outage than Hot sites before operations can be restored.

C Explanation: First implemented in Military organizations (and I think even today it's implemented there only), this model was a significant improvement in terms of security policy implementation. This model made implementation of complex security policies very CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing simple. It's specifications are present in the orange book from DoD. In this model, every object is assigned a sensitivity label. Also, every user is assigned a sensitivity label. If a user's sensitivity label is greater than or equal to the sensitivity label, he is allowed access to the object, otherwise, he is denied access. This methodology is used for creating a hierarchy of access. We can say that this method is used for partitioning the organization hierarchy horizontally. Multi-Level Security is considered a Mandatory Access Control method.

A Explanation: A bridge is a network device that connects two similar network segments together. The primary function of a bridge is to keep traffic separated on both sites of the bridge. Traffic is allowed to pass through the bridge only if the transmission is intended for a station in the opposite side. Bridges operate at the data link layer of the OSI model an provides two different collision domains in Ethernet, but they only provide one broadcast domain for layer 3 an up of the OSI model. The bridge can store frames and forward them in many forms like Cut-through and Store and Forward.

C Explanation: Kerberos is a network authentication protocol. It is designed to provide strong authentication for client/server applications by using secret-key cryptography. A free implementation of this protocol is available from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Kerberos is available in many commercial products as well. Kerberos was created by MIT as a solution to these network security problems. The Kerberos protocol uses strong cryptography so that a client can prove its identity to a server (and vice versa) across an insecure network connection. After a client and server has used Kerberos to CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing prove their identity, they can also encrypt (confidentiality) all of their communications to assure privacy and data integrity as they go about their business.

A Explanation: Relevant Access Controls are not included as a Access Control Technique. Lattice-based access control models were developed in the early 1970s to deal with the confidentiality of military information. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, researchers applied these models to certain integrity concerns. Later, application of the models to the Chinese Wall policy, a confidentiality policy unique to the commercial sector, was demonstrated. Discretionary control is the most common type of access control mechanism implemented in computer systems today. The basis of this kind of security is that an individual user, or program operating on the user's behalf, is allowed to specify explicitly the types of access other users (or programs executing on their behalf) may have to information under the user's control. Discretionary Access control security differs from mandatory access control security in that it implements the access control decisions of the user. Mandatory controls are driven by the results of a comparison between the user's trust level or clearance and the sensitivity designation of the information.

D Explanation: In this method of cryptography we use 2 keys, one to encrypt the data, and another to decrypt it. In Public Key Cryptography, the users have a public and a private key, the public key is of free distribution and is usually published in a directory, while the private keys must be keep secure. This allows the keys to pass in a secure fashion to the receiving machine, its because the public key is not confidential and can be send through a CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing secure channel. You need to use a certification authority to make this kind of cryptography work.

A Explanation: A View is a display of one or more table shows that shows the table data. You can even retrieve part of the table and display the same to the user. Before a user is able to use a view, they must have both, permission on the view and all dependent objects. Views can also be used to implement security, for example you can create a view that only shows 3 of 5 columns contained in a table. Views are not used to provide integrity you can use constraints, rule or other components of database systems.

B Explanation: Personnel security always have to deal more with Operational controls, Operational controls provide the guidelines and the correct procedures to implement the different operations. Management controls are usually used only by managers. Human resources and Technical Controls are not related to personal security as the question states. See the different control definitions in your CISSP documentation.

A Explanation: TCSEC does not separate functionality and assurance from evaluation. It makes them a combined criteria. Just to remember, The Trusted Computer System Evaluation Criteria (TCSEC) is a collection of criteria used to grade or rate the security offered by a computer system product. The TCSEC is sometimes referred to as "the Orange Book" because of its orange cover (Orange Book deals with networks and communications). The current version is dated 1985 (DOD 5200.28-STD, Library No.S225,711) The TCSEC, its interpretations and guidelines all have different color covers, and are sometimes known as the "Rainbow Series". Database management is also covered in TCSEC. The Orange Book is used to evaluate whether a product contains the security properties the vendor claims it does and whether the product is appropriate for a specific application or function. The Orange Book is used to review the functionality, effectiveness, and assurance of a product during its evaluation, and it uses classes that were devised to address typical patterns of security requirements. - Shon Harris, "CISSP All-in-One Exam Guide", 3rd Ed, p 302.

B Explanation: Sniffing is the action of capture the information going over the network. Most popular way of connecting computers is through Ethernet. Ethernet protocol works by sending packet information to all the hosts on the same circuit. The packet header contains the proper address of the destination machine. Only the machine with the matching address is suppose to accept the packet. A machine that is accepting all packets, no matter what the packet header says, is said to be in promiscuous mode. Because, in a normal networking environment, account and password information is passed along Ethernet in clear-text, it is not hard for an intruder to put a machine into promiscuous mode and by sniffing, compromise all the machines on the net by capturing password in an illegal fashion.

A Explanation: The proper term for this trusted facility management concept is "Two-man Control", it means that two people must work and approve each others work to provide increased security and eliminate the possibility of one of them to hurt the company. For example they can only make changes to the system if both of them authenticate with their retina at the same time at the data center and enter their secret password This kind of work fashion is only used in highly secure environments, its not very common.

B Explanation: The DoD Password Management Guideline was published at 12 April 1985, it is also called the "Green Book" because of the color of its cover. Here is the password definition according to it: "A character string used to authenticate an identity. Knowledge of the password that is associated with a user ID is considered proof of authorization to use the capabilities associated with that user ID."

D Explanation: The IP address 172.16.42.5 is contained in a class B reserved network, IANA reserved the 172.16.0.0 through 172.31.255.255 networks for internal use, this network its CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing not routable in Internet and its commonly used in intranets. Class B networks are used in medium-sized networks. In class B networks, the two high order bits are always 10, and then remaining bits are used to define 16.384 networks, each with as many as 65.534 hosts attached. Examples of valid Class B networks include Microsoft and Exxon.

C Explanation: Since Private Key encryption (Symmetric) only has one key for encrypt-decrypt, you need to use an alternative way to pass the shared secret in a secure manner, in our days, it's usually done by telephone or some secure methods that not involve the channel you are trying to secure. Also, since you need one different key to encrypt-decrypt every connection, the number of keys gets huge in a little time, for example, if we have 10 users trying to communicate between themselves, we have 100 different encryption keys to manage. There is an advantage for Private key encryption, the encryption is very fast, about 1000 / 10000 times faster than asymmetric encryption.

A Explanation: "Due care means that a company did all that it could have reasonable done to try and prevent security breaches, and also took the necessary steps to ensure that if a security breach did take place, the damages were reduced because of the controls or countermeasures that existed. Due care means that a company practiced common sense and prudent management practices with responsible actions. Due diligence meants that the company properly investigated all of their possible weaknesses and vulnerabilities before carrying out any due care practices. The following list describes some of the actions required to show that due care is being properly practiced in a corporation: CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing Adequate physical and logical access controls Adequate telecommunication security, which could require encryption Proper information, application, and hardware backups Disaster recovery and business continuity plans Periodic review, drills, tests, and improvement in disaster recovery and business continuity plans Properly informing employees of expected behavior and ramifications of not following these expectations Developing a security policy, standards, procedures, and guidelines Performing security awareness training Running updated antivirus software Periodically performing penetration test from outside and inside the network Implementing dial-back or preset dialing features on remote access applications Abiding by and updating external service level agreements (SLAs) Ensuring that downstream security responsibilities are being met Implementing measure that ensure software piracy is not taking place Ensuring that proper auditing and reviewing of those audit logs are taking place Conducting background checks on potential employees" Pg. 616 Shon Harris: CISSP Certification All-in-One Exam Guide

A Explanation: QIC technology utilizates belt-driven dual-hub cartridges containing integral tape motion and guidance mechanisms, providing a rich spectrum of compatible solutions across a wide range of PC system platforms. QIC reliability is unsurpassed by any other removable storage technology. Reliability can be measured both in mean-time-between failure (MTBF) and, more practically, as a function of drive duty cycles. QIC has a worldwide installed base in excess of 15 million drives -- more than twice that of any alternate removable storage technology -- a level of acceptance that would have been unachievable without rock-solid reliability. QIC is the most common tape solution for SOHO.

C Explanation: This is one of the best practices because its not good to be lead and report to the same person, in that case, that person could take possession of everything that is happening and hurt the enterprise, we can't let that to happen with security concerns. The best practice is to always be lead by a different person that the one you report to, this can be checked in real life. An advice, always try to report to the highest person you can inside the company.

C Explanation: This is true, the people who own the information and the equipment are the ones who need to ensure they are making everything to get integrity, confidentiality and availability. The security professionals can develop policies and show how to keep the environment secure, but it depends on the owners of the actual data to achieve the security.

A Explanation: Two-Factor Authentication is a security process that confirms user identities using two distinctive factors-something you know, such as a Personal Identification Number (PIN), and something you have, such as a smart card or token. The overall strength of Two-Factor Authentication lies in the combination of both factors, something you know and something you have. CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing

A Explanation: Hierarchical Storage Management originated in the mainframe world where it was used to minimize storage costs. The HSM name signifies that the software has the intelligence to move files along a hierarchy of storage devices that are ranked in terms of cost per megabyte of storage, speed of storage and retrieval, and overall capacity limits. Files are migrated along the hierarchy to less expensive forms of storage based on rules tied to the frequency of data access. File migration and retrieval is transparent to users. Two major factors, data access response time and storage costs determine the appropriate combination of storage devices used in HSM. A typical three tier strategy may be composed of hard drives as primary storage on the file servers, rewritable optical as the secondary storage type, and tape as the final tertiary storage location. If faster access is required, a hard drive can be considered as an alternative to optical for secondary storage, and WORM (Write Once, Read Many) optical can also be implemented, in place of tape, as the final storage destination.

D Explanation: Public key cryptography is one mechanism that is often used to fulfill the security requirements necessary to conduct electronic transactions over public networks. PKI (public key infrastructure) and cryptography based solutions are taking the lead in secure e-commerce. PKI addresses nonrepudiation of identity using a dual-key encryption system that allows users to uniquely sign documents with a digital signature. Public key cryptography uses pairs of keys, each pair consisting of one public key and one private key. Information encrypted with one key in the pair can only be decrypted with the other key. LDAP is issued to bring user information and Timestamping to track changes over time. PKI also relies on certificated and CRL (Certificate Revocation list) to discard compromised, expired digital certificates. CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing

B Explanation: An addressing mode found in many processors' instruction sets where the instruction contains the address of a memory location which contains the address of the operand (the "effective address") or specifies a register which contains the effective address. Indirect addressing is often combined with pre- or post- increment or decrement addressing, allowing the address of the operand to be increased or decreased by one (or some specified number) either before or after using it.

B Explanation: There is not much to explain or comment in here, when you administer an IDS system you have to deal with the maintenance and creation of event notification processes, this have to be reviewed every certain time. This is a well known topic for any Intrusion detection system administrator. This notifications will save your life when your network is being attacked and you get real time notifications that will allow you to shut down your external interface before the attacker gets what he was looking for.

A Explanation: UDP (User Datagram Protocol) is a communications method (protocol) that offers a limited amount of service when messages are exchanged between computers in a network that uses the Internet Protocol (IP). UDP is an alternative to the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and, together with IP, is sometimes referred to as UDP/IP. Like the Transmission Control Protocol, UDP uses the Internet Protocol to actually get a data unit (called a datagram) from one computer to another. Unlike TCP, however, UDP does not provide the service of dividing a message into packets (datagrams) and reassembling it at the other end. Specifically, UDP doesn't provide sequencing of the packets that the data arrives in. UDP is implemented at the Transport layer of the TCP/IP protocol model.

B CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing Explanation: A Business impact assessment can provide information in combination with the BIA to the different business units about how can an attack impact or disrupt the business. Every disaster recovery plan should include an study containing a BIA and a Business impact assessment to better understand how is going to be in the case that a business continuity disruptive event takes place.

B Explanation: This is true, as stated in CISSP documentation, you should address any possible "Residual Risk" at your contingency plan to minimize business impact when you are in a downtime situation. The identified Risks and the Potential Risks are not identified there, they are identified earlier.

A Explanation: This protocol was created by VISA and MasterCard as a common effort to make the buying process over the Internet secure through the distribution line of those companies. It is located in layer 7 of the OSI model, the application layer. SET uses a system of locks and keys along with certified account IDs for both consumers and merchants. Then, through a unique process of "encrypting" or scrambling the information exchanged between the shopper and the online store, SET ensures a payment process that is convenient, private and most of all secure.

A Explanation: This is true, the packets filters show the desired service port (Remember that they are layer 3 devices), this is because you can have many different referenced port number in the destination port field of the different packets. You have to look for the well-known port numbers of the service desired. For example, look in port 80 for HTTP and port 21 for FTP. This is the correct terminology, see the features of Packet Filters in your CISSP documentation.

A Explanation: Firewall technology is a young but quickly maturing industry. The first generation of firewall architectures has been around almost as long as routers, first appearing around 1985 and coming out of Cisco's IOSsoftware division. These firewalls are called packet filter firewalls. However, the first paper describing the screening process used by packet filter firewalls did not appear until 1988, when Jeff Mogul from Digital Equipment Corporation published his studies. At this time we are in the Fourth generation of firewall devices and software.

D Explanation: As stated in CISSP documentation, you should make post mortem review meetings after taking care of the intrusion, and no more than one week after the facts. Its not a good practice to wait more than this time, it's a matter of common sense too, three months, one month, 2 weeks, its too much time.

A Explanation: Those are the proper elements, you can use these two to achieve a covert channel. Low bits is not a term related to covert channels. Permissions are related to authentication, they do not achieve what the question wants. Also, classification is could not selected as a correct choice. Check your official CISSP documentation to see what can be used as a covert channel. "An active variation on eavesdropping is called Covert Channel eavesdropping, which consists of using a hidden unauthorized network connection to communicate unauthorized information. A Covert Storage Channel operates by writing information to storage by one process and then reading by using another process from a different security level. A Covert Timing Channel signals information to another process by modulating its own resource use to affect the response time of another." Pg. 101 Krutz: The CISSP Prep Guide: Gold Edition

C Explanation: The spiral model for software engineering has evolved to encompass the best features of the classic waterfall model, while at the same time adding an element known as risk analysis. The spiral model is more appropriate for large, industrial software projects and CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing has four main blocks/quadrants. Each release or version of the software requires going through new planning, risk analysis, engineering and customer evaluation phases and this is illustrated in the model by the spiral evolution outwards from the center. For each new release of a software product, a risk analysis audit should be performed to decide whether the new objectives can be completed within budget (time and costs), and decisions have to be made about whether to proceed. The level of planning and customer evaluation is missing from the waterfall model which is mainly concerned with small software programs. The spiral model also illustrated the evolutionary development of software where a solution may be initially proposed which is very basic (first time round the loop) and then later releases add new features and possibly a more elaborate GUI.

B Explanation: Pre-Shared Secret is usually used when both ends of the VPN lacks access to a compatible certificate server. Once you have defined all the endpoints in your VPN, you can establish a password that is used to authenticate the other end of the connection, this is the Pre-Shared secret. Since you are using Pre-Shared key because you don't have an available / compatible certificate server, IPSEC and IKE do not need to use PKI in this case (that actually provides the certificate server infrastructure).

D Explanation: Application control provides a transparent feeling to endpoint applications when changes are needed, this is one of the features of it. With application control you can audit certain use of the applications involved and only specify record of your choice. There is also the possibility to limit the end users applications to provide access to only certain screens. Check your CISSP documentation about Application Control. CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing

C Explanation: This is the correct answer, since firewall does not mean "VPN" we have to select "Encrypted Virtual Private Networks". With a VPN and encryption we can provide secure communication in a transparent way for the users between the endpoints achieving "Confidentiality". This confidentiality is achieved through encryption, and this encryption relies on encryption algorithms like AES, DES, CAST and others. Screened Subnet are not related to secure data over public networks, it's a place to put our network services accessible from the outside. Digital certificates do not provide confidentiality, they only provide integrity.

B CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing Explanation: This kind of an attack involves altering the raw data just before it is processed by a computer and then changing it back after the processing is completed. This kind of attack was used in the past to make what is stated in the question, steal small quantities of money and transfer them to the attackers account. See "Data deddling crimes" on the Web. The most correct answer is 'Salami', but since that is not an option the most correct answer is data diddling. "A salami attack is committing several small crimes with the hope that the overall larger crime will go unnoticed. ....An example would be if an employee altered a banking software program to subtract 5 cents from each of the bank's customers' accounts once a month and moved this amount to the employee's bank account. If this happened to all of the bank's 50,000 customer accounts, the intruder could make up to $ 30,000 a year. Data diddling refers to the alteration of existing data. Many times this modification happens before it is entered into an application or as soon as it completes processing and is outputted from an application. There was an incident in 1997, in Maryland, where a Taco Bell employee was sentenced to ten years in jail because he reprogrammed the drive-up window cash register to ring up ever 42.99 order as one penny. He collected the full amount from the customer, put the penny in the till, and pocketed the other $2.98. He made $3600 before his arrest." Pg. 602-603 Shon Harris: All-In-One CISSP Certification Exam Guide

A Explanation: Options B, C and D are all Denial of Service attacks. El Gamal is the Diffie-Hellman key exchange algorithm and is usually described as an active exchange of keys by two parties. The buffer overflow attack objective is consume the available memory for the TCP/IP protocol stack to make the machine crash. Teardrop and Smurf are DoS attacks that make use of spoofing.

D Explanation: A Black Box is a device that is hooked up to your phone that fixes your phone so that when you get a call, the caller doesn't get charged for the call. This is good for calls up to 1/2 hour, after 1/2 hour the Phone Co. gets suspicious, and then you can guess what happens. The Red box basically simulates the sounds of coins being dropped into the coin slot of a payphone. The traditional Red Box consisting of a pair of Wien-bridge oscillators with the timing controlled by 555 timer chips. The Blue Box, The mother of all boxes, The first box in history, which started the whole phreaking scene. Invented by John Draper (aka "Captain Crunch") in the early 60s, who discovered that by sending a tone of 2600Hz over the telephone lines of AT&T, it was possible to make free calls. The White Box turns a normal touch tone keypad into a portable unit. This kind of box can be commonly found in a phone shop.

D Explanation: This can be checked at the computer crime static's on the web. Most of the attacks, actually 70% of them, come from inside the company, and 80% of them from employees of it. This is a reality, when we protect our infrastructure be sure to give great importance to internal security, we don't when is one of the company employees going to make a strike. Hackers are also important, but less than our own employees.

A Explanation: Remember that when we talk about a BIA (Business Impact Analysis), we are CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing analyzing and identifying possible issues about our infrastructure. It's an analysis about the business, the process that it relays on, the level of the systems and a estimative of the financial impact, or in other words, how much many we loose with our systems down. The first step on it should always be the identifying of the business units in the company. You can then go to other requirements like estimate losses and downtime costs.

C Explanation: As stated in the dictionary, here are 3 definitions of procedure: 1. A manner of proceeding; a way of performing or effecting something: standard procedure. 2. A series od steps taken to accomplish an end: a medical procedure; evacuation procedures. 3. A set of established forms or methods for conducting the affairs of an organized body such as a business, club, or government. Its pretty visible that this is the term we are looking for as stated in the questions, you can check your CISSP documentation too.

D Explanation: Since fiber optics does not use electrical signals to transmit the information (it uses lights that goes through the mirrored silvered cable from source to end), its not affected by EMI (Electro Magnetic Interference) like other copper transmission methods like 10base5 and 10base2, therefore EMI does not affect the possible transmission distance. Fiber optics can have a great distance between end points, much greater than the copper transmission methods. Examples of Fiber optics standards are: 100BaseFX and 1000BaseFX. CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing

A Explanation: An alternating current (AC) bulk eraser (degausser) is used for complete erasure of data and other signal on magnetic media. Degaussing is a process where magnetic media is exposed to a powerful, alternating magnetic field. Degaussing removes any previously written data, leaving the media in a magnetically randomized (blank) state. The degausser must subject the media to an alternating magnetic field of sufficient intensity to saturate the media and then by slowly withdrawing or reducing the field leaves the magnetic media in a magnetically neutral state.

A Explanation: The Prototype Phase is also called the "Proof of Concept" Phase. Whether it's called one or the other depends on what the creator is trying to "prove." If the main deliverable of the Phase includes a working version of the product's technical features, it's a "prototype." If the main deliverable just looks like it has the product's technical features, then it's a "proof of concept." Prototypes can save time and money because you can test some functionality earlier in the process. You don't have to make the whole final product to begin testing it.

C Explanation: That's the essence of Controls, you put them in your environment to minimize the impact of a potential loss, with them you can also mitigate the risk and obtain the first through this. Controls are a very good practice to secure an environment, they should be considered by any security professional, CISSP or not, the risk should be minimized as much as you can.

A Explanation: Since circuit level gateways are not as high in the OSI model for the inspection as Application level firewalls, they are easier to maintain and configure. Application layer firewalls are up to layer 7 of the OSI model and provide a great bunch of options and complex configurations. Application layer firewalls are more secure than circuit level gateway because they can track and analyze information up to layer 7, a drawback to this, is that this functionality makes them slower.

C Explanation: ESP or Encrypted Security Payload, is a header that when its added to an IP datagram, protects the confidentiality, integrity and authenticity of the data. AH and ESP can be used separately or together. As defined by the IETF, IPSec transport mode can only be used when both the source and destination systems understand IPSEC. In most cases you deploy IPSEC in tunnel mode. In this transport mode (gateway to gateway and gateway to host) you must use ESP for authentication.

C Explanation: The Clark-Wilson model was developed to address security issues in commercial environments. The model uses two categories of mechanisms to realize integrity: well-formed transactions and separation of duty. It defines a constraint data item, a integrity verification and a transformation of that object. A possible way to represent a constraint that only certain trusted programs can modify objects is using application:checksum condition, where the checksum ensures authenticity of the application. Another way is using application:endorser condition, which indicates that a valid certificate, stating that the application has been endorsed by the specified endorser, must be presented. Static separation of duty is enforced by the security administrator when assigning group membership. Dynamic separation of duty enforces control over how permissions are used at the access time

A Explanation: This is not the best practice, even more for the CISSP exam. Continuity / recovery plans should be make for every location in separate. This is because when there is a disaster, Its not usually in all the different locations, its better to have one plan for each of it so you can use and follow only the plan of the affected site and don't bother the other ones.

C Explanation: Both of them can be used to create and secure VPN's. The Layer 2 Tunnel Protocol (L2TP) is an emerging Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) standard that combines the best features of two existing tunneling protocols: Cisco's Layer 2 Forwarding (L2F) and Microsoft's Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP). L2TP is an extension to the Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP), which is an important component for VPNs. VPNs allow users and telecommuters to connect to their corporate intranets or extranets. IPSec is a series of guidelines for the protection of Internet Protocol (IP) communications. It specifies ways for securing private information transmitted over public networks. Services supported by IPSec include confidentiality (encryption), authenticity (proof of sender), integrity (detection of data tampering) and replay protection (defense against unauthorized re-sending of data). It work on layer 3 of the OSI model and is the most common protocols used to create VPNs.

D CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing Explanation: We just some common sense to answer this question correctly, why are we going to ask about process reporting for incidents?, does is help relating to identification and authentication?, I don't think so. There are other more interesting questions, password deal with authentication, inactive user Ids are also related to identification. But the most important to me, know if there is a list with authorized users and their current access, this can help you to identify unauthorized activities.

B Explanation: This kind of encryption flavor increases security for passwords, if you use a one way encryption algorithm, you know that the encryption is not reversible, you cannot get the original value that you provided as a password from the resulting hash with any key or algorithm. This increase security in the way that when a person see the password list, it will only see the hash values and cannot read the original password or modify them without getting corruption.

D Explanation: This is very obvious, if your system is designed from the ground up to provide security, its going to be cheaper and more effective at the end, because you don't need re-analysis, re-coding, and re-structure of the internal code of the computer application. If you don't address security at the beginning you will also need to spend time and money reviewing the code to try to put the security infrastructure in some place of it.

D Explanation: Answer A, B and C can be used to uniquely identify a person, but in the case of the Skin, there are no unique characteristics that can differentiate two distinct individuals in an acceptable accurate way. In the case of the IRIS and the Retina, there are not two of them equal. In the case of the palm, every person has different marks on it. The skin is common to all and does not have specific textures or marks to make it unique in comparison to another individual.

A Explanation: As stated in the CISSP documentation, "If you want to make achieve the validation or revalidation of the oral testimony of a witness, you need to provide physical, direct evidence to backup your statements and override the five senses of an oral testimony". Circumstantial or Corroborative evidence is not enough in this case, we need direct, relevant evidence backing up the facts.

B CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing Explanation: In IT, a vulnerability is the weakness of a System to be exploited and corrupted by a security hole. There is always a risk that our systems been vulnerable, with security we cannot make the risk to be 0%, but we can decrease the possibility of a threat becoming in a successful attack through one of those vulnerabilities. There is no system without vulnerabilities, we need to patch our systems frequently to reduce the risk of a threat through a vulnerability of one of our systems.

B Explanation: Denormalization is the process of attempting to optimize the performance of data storage by adding redundant data. It is necessary because current DBMSs are not fully relational. A fully relational DBMS would be able to preserve full normalization at the logical level, while allowing it to be mapped to performance-tuned physical level. Database designers often justify denormalization on performance issues, but they should note that logical denormalization can easily break the consistency of the database, one of the all-important ACID properties. However, a designer can achieve the performance benefits while retraining consistency by performing denormalization at a physical level; such denormalization is often called caching.

C Explanation: Here is something on "Named Perils" for your understanding: "Named Perils is a formal and specific listing of perils covered in a policy providing property insurance. A policy covering for damage by fire is said to cover for "the named peril" of fire". As you can see, Answer C is correct.

C Explanation: This is absolutely false, this problem can be seen almost anywhere. There have always been trouble with the lost of keys. Some of those looses are more important than others, its not the same to lost the key of the company safe box, that lost the key of you locker with that contains your shoes. This is obviously an incorrect statement, answer C is the one in here. "Unfortunately, using security guards is not a perfect solution. There are numerous disadvantages to deploying, maintaining, and relying upon security guards. Not all environments and facilities support security guards. This may be due actual human incompatibility with the layout, design, location, and construction of the facility. Not all security guards are themselves reliable. Prescreening, bonding, and training does not guarantee that you won't end up with an ineffective and unreliable security guard." Pg 646 Tittel: CISSP Guide.

C Explanation: This is an absolute best practice in the software testing field, you should always have to keep all your testing approaches with the results as part of the product documentation. This can help you in the case you have problems with some tasks or components of the software in the future, you can check back your testing and results and see if the system was making the tasks correctly and if anything changed from that environment.

C Explanation: Class B2 corresponds to Structured Protection. Division B - Mandatory Protection Mandatory access is enforced by the use of security labels. The architecture is based on the Bell-LaPadula security model and evidence of the reference monitor enforcement must be available. B1: Labeled Security Each data object must contain a classification label and each subject must have a clearance label. When a subject attempts to access an object, the system must compare the subject and the object's security labels to ensure the requested actions are acceptable. Data leaving the system must also contain an accurate security label. The security policy is based on an informal statement and the design specifications are reviewed and verified. It is intended for environments that handle classified data. B2: Structured Protection The security policy is clearly defined and documented and the system design and implementation is subjected to more thorough review and testing procedures. This class requires more stringent authentication mechanisms and well-defined interfaces between layers. Subject and devices require labels, and the system must not allow covert channels. A trusted path for logon and authentication processes must be in place, which means there are no trapdoors. There is a separation of operator and administration functions within the system to provide more trusted and protected operational functionality. Distinct address spaces must be provided to isolated processes, and a covert channel analysis is conducted. This class adds assurance by adding requirements to the design of the system. The environment that would require B2 systems could process sensitive data that requires a higher degree of security. This environment would require systems that are relatively resistant to penetration and compromise. B3 Security Domains In this class, more granularity is provided in each protects mechanism and the programming code that is not necessary to support the security is excluded. The design and implementation should not provide too much complexity because as the complexity of a system CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing increases, the ability of the individuals who need to test, maintain, and configure it reduces; thus, the overall security can be threatened. The reference monitor components must be small enough to test properly and be tamperproof. The security administrator role is clearly defined and the system must be able to recover from failures without its security level being compromised. When the system starts up and loads its operating system and components, it must be done in an initial secure state to ensure any weakness of the system cannon be taken advantage of in this slice of time. An environment that requires B3 systems is a highly secured environment that processes very sensitive information. It requires systems that are highly resistant to penetration. Note: In class (B2) systems, the TCB is based on a clearly defined and documented formal security policy model that requires the discretionary and mandatory access control enforcement found in class (B1) systems be extended to all subjects and objects in the ADP system. In addition, covert channels are addressed. The TCB must be carefully structured into protection-critical and non-protection-critical elements. Class B corresponds to "Structured Protection" inside the Orange Book.

C Explanation: According to CISSP documentation, the actual definition and procedures defined inside an organization disaster recovery policy are of private nature. Only people working in the company and with a role inside it should know about those procedures. Its not a good practice to be divulgating Disaster recovery procedures to external people. Many times external people need to know who is involved in it, and who is responsible. This could be the case of a vendor providing replacement equipment in case of disaster.

A CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing Explanation: RAID 1 or Mirroring is a technique in which data is written to two duplicate disks simultaneously through a copy process. This way if one of the disk drives fails, the system can instantly switch to the other disk without any loss of data or service. Disk mirroring is used commonly in on-line database systems where it's critical that the data be accessible at all times. RAID means "Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks".

A Explanation: Here are some characteristics of Statefull Inspection technology on Firewalls: 1. Scan information from all layers in the packet. 2. Save state information derived from previous communications, such as the outgoing Port command of an FTP session, so that incoming data communication can be verified against it. 3. Provides tracking support for connectionless protocols through the use of session state databases. 4. Allow state information derived from other applications access through the firewall for authorized services only, such as previously authenticated users. 5. Evaluate and manipulate flexible expressions based on communication and application derived state information.

C Explanation: This is another matter of common sense, the CISSP exam has many situations like this. Its not a good practice to have Permanent documents in your e-mail, this is because you don't know if your -mail is always backed up, and maybe the document must be available in a corporate repository. There is not problem to have Copies, draft or temporary documents in your e-mail. The important ones for the company are the Permanent documents. CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing

C Explanation: He is the most appropriate manager, this is because he know the inns and outs of the business processes inside the company. Remember that he manages the business operations, and are those operations the ones that make the company live and generate the revenue. He knows who should access what and when. Security administrators develop the policy with the information provided by persons like the Business operations manager. Human Resources is not appropriate in this case, and the Information systems manager know about the technology, but not the business needs of the company.

B Explanation: War dialing, or scanning, has been a common activity in the computer underground and computer security industry for decades. Hollywood made war dialing popular with the 1983 movie, War Games, in which a teenager searching for a videogame company ultimately uncovers a government nuclear war warning system. The act of war dialing is extremely simple - a host computer dials a given range of telephone numbers using a modem. Every telephone number that answers with a modem and successfully connects to the host is stored in a log. Disabling call forwarding is not a useful countermeasure because it's the attacker machine the one who connects to the attacked system and forwarding is not an issue inside the attack. Answer A, C and D can be used as countermeasures to harder the war dial attack.

B Explanation: Tripwire is a tool that checks to see what has changed on your system. The program monitors key attributes of files that should not change, including binary signature, size, expected change of size, etc. The hard part is doing it the right way, balancing security, maintenance, and functionality. This tool is not usually used by hackers to attack, its usually used to defend against hackers attacks. L0phtcrack is a hacker utility to get passwords, Crack and John the Ripper are also password crackers.

A Explanation: This kind of attack involves altering the raw data just before it is processed by a computer and then changing it back after the processing is completed. This kind of attack was used in the past to steal small quantities of money and transfer them to the attackers account, there are many other uses too. Trojan horses open ports without the user knowledge to permit remote control and a Virus is a malicious piece of code that executed inside your computer.

B Explanation: This is the proper name, you can search for "Middle CASE" on the Internet. CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing "Middle CASE" its a CASE flavor and UML design tool that provides the required functionality like screen and report layouts and detailed designs. There are many well known vendors providing this kind of tools for the development process of Software.

C Explanation: In database terminology, is the same to say that the number of Degrees is "X" and that the number of columns is "X" inside a Table. This question is just trying to test our knowledge of rare, difficult to fin terminology. You can check this in the knowledgebase of Oracle. When we talk about degrees, we are just talking about columns. The schema is the structure of the database, and the relations are the way each table relates to others.

B Explanation: The smart card, an intelligent token, is a credit card sized plastic card embedded with an integrated circuit chip. It provides not only memory capacity, but computational capability as well. The self-containment of smart card makes it resistant to attack as it does not need to depend upon potentially vulnerable external resources. Because of this characteristic, smart cards are often used in different applications which require strong security protection and authentication. Option B is the most correct option, this is because Callback systems are not considered very reliable in the CISSP examination, Smart cards can also provide 2 mode authentication. "Caller ID and callback options are great, but they are usually not practical because they require users to call in from a static phone number each time they access the network. Most users are accessing the network remotely because they are on the road and moving from place to place." Pg. 428 Shon Harris: All-In-One CISSP Certification Guide. CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing

C Explanation: Option "C" is a very bad practice in a firewall connecting one of its interfaces to a public network like Internet. Since in that rule you are allowing all inbound TCP traffic, the hackers can send all the attacks they want to any TCP port, they can make port scanning, Syn Attacks, and many other dangerous DoS activities to our private network. Permit the traffic from local host is a best practice, our firewall is the local host. Permit SSH (Secure Shell) is also good because this protocol use cryptography.

B Explanation: This is true, you can utilize Internet from a Private network and get access through an access translation method that gives you a valid IP address to make the request. Or you can access the Internet directly from a routable, public IP address contained in a public network. To increase security, you can create VPN´s to pass information between two endpoints with confidentiality through the Internet.

A Explanation: Since the "Full" backup method provides a baseline for our systems for Restore, the full backup must be done at least once regardless of the method you are using. Its very common to use full backups in combination with incremental or differential ones to decrease the backup time (however you increment the restore time), but there is no way to maintain a system only with incremental or differential backups. You always need to begin from your restore baseline, the Full Backup.

C Explanation: This is very obvious, the operators are responsible of making operative tasks that deals with the hardware and software implementations, they can handle the hardware and put t in condition for the user, be in charge of the backup and restore procedures and Mounting the disk or tapes for the backup. Those are all common tasks. When we talk about the data entry, is the user who has to make does, If the operator do that too, what is the user going to do?

C Explanation: With mandatory controls, only administrators and not owners of resources may make decisions that bear on or derive from policy. Only an administrator may change the category of a resource, and no one may grant a right of access that is explicitly forbidden in the access control policy. This kind of access control method is based on Security labels. It is important to note that mandatory controls are prohibitive (i.e., all that is not expressly permitted is forbidden).

A Explanation: This is one of the weakest point of IDS systems installed on the individual hosts. Since much of the malicious activity could be circulating through the network, and this kind of IDS usually have small logging capabilities and of local nature. So any activity happening in the network could go unnoticed, and intrusions can't be tracked as in depth as we could with an enterprise IDS solution providing centralized logging capabilities.

B Explanation: This is a real problem, nobody thinks that can be victim of a computer crime until it is. There is a big problem relating to the people thinking about this kind of attacks. Computer crimes can be very important and can make great damage to enterprises. Computer Crime will decrease once people begin to think about the Risks and begin to protect their systems from the most common attacks. CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing

A Explanation: This is pretty straight forward. The four principal pillars of computer security: integrity, authentication, confidentiality and availability are all part of the network security and telecommunication domain. Why? Because those pillars deal with that. We provide integrity through digital signatures, authentication through passwords, confidentiality through encryption and availability by fault tolerance and disaster recovery. All of those are networking and telecommunication components.

A Explanation: The B2 class referenced in the orange book is the formal security policy model based on device labels that can use DAC (Discretionary access controls) and MAC (Mandatory Access Controls). It provides functionality about covert channel control. It does not require covert timing channels. You can review the B2 section of the Orange Book.

C Explanation: Preventive controls deals with the avoidance of risk through the diminution of probabilities. Is like the example we read earlier about the dogs. Just to remember, Since we want to prevent something from happening, we can go out and buy some Guard dogs to make the job. You are buying them because you want to prevent something from happening. The intruder will see the dogs and will maybe go back, this prevents an attack, this dogs are a form of preventive control.

A Explanation: FRDS systems will give us the functionality to protect our servers from disk failure an allow us to have highly available file services in our production servers. FRDS provides high availability against many types of disk failures and well known problems, if one disk goes down, the others still work providing no downtime. FRDS solutions are the preferred way to protect file servers against data corruption and loss. You can see more about FRDS in the Internet, search "FRDS System".

D Explanation: Internet Control Message Protocol. ICMP is used for diagnostics in the network. The Unix program, ping, uses ICMP messages to detect the status of other hosts in the net. ICMP messages can either be queries (in the case of ping) or error reports, such as when a network is unreachable. This protocol resides in layer 3 of the OSI model (Network layer). CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing

A Explanation: Digital Audio Tape (DAT or R-DAT) is a signal recording and playback medium introduced by Sony in 1987. In appearance it is similar to a compact audio cassette, using 1/8" magnetic tape enclosed in a protective shell, but is roughly half the size at 73 mm x 54 mm x 10.5 mm. As the name suggests the recording is digital rather than analog, DAT converting and recording at the same rate as a CD (44.1 kHz sampling rate and 16 bits quantization) without data compression. This means that the entire input signal is retained. If a digital source is copied then the DAT will produce an exact clone. The format was designed for audio use, but through an ISO standard it has been adopted for general data storage, storing from 4 to 40 GB on a 120 meter tape depending on the standard and compression (DDS-1 to DDS-4). It is, naturally, sequential-access media and is commonly used for backups. Due to the higher requirements for integrity in data backups a computer-grade DAT was introduced.

C Explanation: Statefull inspection is a third generation firewall technology designed to be aware of, and inspect, not only the information being received, but the dynamic connection and transmission state of the information being received. Control decisions are made by analyzing and utilizing the following: Communication Information, Communication derived state, Application derived state and information manipulation. Here are some characteristics of Statefull Inspection technology on Firewalls: CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing 1. Scan information from all layers in the packet. 2. Save state information derived from previous communications, such as the outgoing Port command of an FTP session, so that incoming data communication can be verified against it. 3. Provides tracking support for connectionless protocols through the use of session state databases. 4. Allow state information derived from other applications access through the firewall for authorized services only, such as previously authenticated users. 5. Evaluate and manipulate flexible expressions based on communication and application derived state information.

A Explanation: This is the correct answer, we don't have guards only to use physical force, that is not the real functionality of them if your security policy is well oriented. They are not only there to operate control devices and to detect unauthorized access, as stated in CISSP documentation, the appropriate function of a guard inside a security program is the use of discriminating judgment.

A Explanation: A "Cluster" is a grouping of machines running certain services providing high availability and fault tolerance fro them. In other words, they are grouped together as a means of fail over support. From the users view, a cluster is a single server, but its only a logical one, you can have an array of 4 server in cluster all with the same IP address (/achieving correct resolution through ARP), there is no difference for the client. CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing

D Explanation: If you think about it, System development and system maintenance are perfectly compatible, you can develop in the systems for certain time, and when it time for a maintenance, you stop the development process an make the maintenance. It's a pretty straight forward process. The other answer do not provide the simplicity and freedom of this option.

B Explanation: The Physical Layer describes the physical properties of the various communications media, as well as the electrical properties and interpretation of the exchanged signals. Ex: this layer defines the size of Ethernet coaxial cable, the type of BNC connector used, and the termination method. You cannot encrypt nothing at this layer because its physical, it is not protocol / software based. Network, Data link and transport layer supports encryption.

A CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing Explanation: Following the publication of the Anderson report, considerable research was initiated into formal models of security policy requirements and of the mechanisms that would implement and enforce those policy models as a security kernel. Prominent among these efforts was the ESD-sponsored development of the Bell and LaPadula model, an abstract formal treatment of DoD security policy.[2] Using mathematics and set theory, the model precisely defines the notion of secure state, fundamental modes of access, and the rules for granting subjects specific modes of access to objects. Finally, a theorem is proven to demonstrate that the rules are security-preserving operations, so that the application of any sequence of the rules to a system that is in a secure state will result in the system entering a new state that is also secure. This theorem is known as the Basic Security Theorem.

A Explanation: Since we are talking about a competitive intelligence attack, we can classify it as a Business attack because it is disrupting business activities. Intelligence attacks are one of the most commonly used to hurt a company where more it hurts, in its information. To see more about competitive intelligence attacks you can take a look at some CISSP study guide. It could be the CISSP gold edition guide. "Military and intelligence attacks are launched primarily to obtain secret and restricted information from law enforcement or military and technological research sources. Business attacks focus on illegally obtaining an organization's confidential information. Financial attacks are carried out to unlawfully obtain money or services. Grudge attacks are attacks that are carried out to damage an organization or a person." Pg. 616 Tittel: CISSP Study Guide

C CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing Explanation: As I stated earlier in the comments, the great part of the attacks to companies comes from the personnel. Hackers are out there and attack some targets, but should never forget that your worst enemy can be inside of your company. Is for that that we usually implement IDS and profundity security. It's a very good practice to install Host based IDS to limit the ability of internal attackers through the machines. Another problem with personal is the ignorance, there are time that they just don't know what they are doing, and certainly are violating the security policy.

A Explanation: This is not possible, nobody can eliminate all problems, only god can, this is a reality and Problem Management Gurus know that. With problem management we can reduce failures, prevent reoccurrence of problems and mitigate negative impact as much as we can, but we cannot eliminate all problems, this is not a perfect world.

D Explanation: A password is not a physical thing, it's a logical one. You can control physical access with armed guards, by locking doors and using badges to open doors, but you can't relate password to a physical environment. Just to remember, Passwords are used to verify that the user of an ID is the owner of the ID. The ID-password combination is unique to each user and therefore provides a means of holding users accountable for their activity on the system. They are related to software, not to hardware.

C Explanation: This is not one of the statements of the ISC2 code of Ethics, ISC2 certified people is free to get in association with any person and any party they want. ISC2 thinks that their certified people must have liberty of choice in their associations. However ISC2 ask the certified professionals to promote the certification and the understanding and acceptance of security measures, they also ask the certified people to provide competent services and be proud of their exclusive ISC2 certified professional status. I think is very fair, you are free to who where you want, with the people you want, but always be proud of your certification and your skills as a security professional. Code from ISC web site. "All information systems security professionals who are certified by (ISC)2 recognize that such certification is a privilege that must be both earned and maintained. In support of this principle, all Certified Information Systems Security Professionals (CISSPs) commit to fully support this Code of Ethics. CISSPs who intentionally or knowingly violate any provision of the Code will be subject to action by a peer review panel, which may result in the revocation of certification. There are only four mandatory canons in the code. By necessity such high-level guidance is not intended to substitute for the ethical judgment of the professional. Additional guidance is provided for each of the canons. While this guidance may be considered by the Board in judging behavior, it is advisory rather than mandatory. It is intended to help the professional in identifying and resolving the inevitable ethical dilemmas that will confront him/her. Code of Ethics Preamble: * Safety of the commonwealth, duty to our principals, and to each other requires that we adhere, and be seen to adhere, to the highest ethical standards of behavior. * Therefore, strict adherence to this code is a condition of certification. Code of Ethics Canons: * Protect society, the commonwealth, and the infrastructure. * Act honorably, honestly, justly, responsibly, and legally. * Provide diligent and competent service to principals. * Advance and protect the profession. The following additional guidance is given in furtherance of these goals. Objectives for Guidance In arriving at the following guidance, the committee is mindful of its responsibility to: * Give guidance for resolving good v. good and bad v. bad dilemmas. * To encourage right behavior such as: CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing * Research * Teaching * Identifying, mentoring, and sponsoring candidates for the profession * Valuing the certificate * To discourage such behavior as: * Raising unnecessary alarm, fear, uncertainty, or doubt * Giving unwarranted comfort or reassurance * Consenting to bad practice * Attaching weak systems to the public net * Professional association with non-professionals * Professional recognition of or association with amateurs * Associating or appearing to associate with criminals or criminal behavior However, these objecttives are provided for information only; the professional is not required or expected to agree with them. In resolving the choices that confront him, the professional should keep in mind that the following guidance is advisory only. Compliance with the guidance is neither necessary nor sufficient for ethical conduct. Compliance with the preamble and canons is mandatory. Conflicts between the canons should be resolved in the order of the canons. The canons are not equal and conflicts between them are not intended to create ethical binds. Protect society, the commonwealth, and the infrastructure * Promote and preserve public trust and confidence in information and systems. * Promote the understanding and acceptance of prudent information security measures. * Preserve and strengthen the integrity of the public infrastructure. * Discourage unsafe practice. Act honorably, honestly, justly, responsibly, and legally * Tell the truth; make all stakeholders aware of your actions on a timely basis. * Observe all contracts and agreements, express or implied. * Treat all constituents fairly. In resolving conflicts, consider public safety and duties to principals, individuals, and the profession in that order. * Give prudent advice; avoid raising unnecessary alarm or giving unwarranted comfort. Take care to be truthful, objective, cautious, and within your competence. * When resolving differing laws in different jurisdictions, give preference to the laws of the jurisdiction in which you render your service. Provide diligent and competent service to principals * Preserve the value of their systems, applications, and information. * Respect their trust and the privileges that they grant you. * Avoid conflicts of interest or the appearance thereof. * Render only those services for which you are fully competent and qualified. Advance and protect the profession * Sponsor for professional advancement those best qualified. All other things equal, prefer those who are certified and who adhere to these canons. Avoid professional association with those whose practices or reputation might diminish the profession. * Take care not to injure the reputation of other professionals through malice or indifference. Maintain your competence; Keep your skills and Knowledge current. Give generously of your time and knowledge in training others. CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing

C Explanation: Cipher Block Chaining (CBC) uses feedback to feed the result of encryption back into the encryption of the next block. The plain-text is XOR'ed with the previous cipher-text block before it is encrypted. The encryption of each block depends on all the previous blocks. This requires that the decryption side processes all encrypted blocks sequentially. This mode requires a random initialization vector which is XOR'ed with the first data block before it is encrypted. The initialization vector does not have to be kept secret. The initialization vector should be a random number (or a serial number), to ensure that each message is encrypted uniquely. In the Cipher Feedback Mode (CFB) is data encrypted in units smaller than the block size. This mode can be used to encrypt any number of bits e.g. single bits or single characters (bytes) before sending across an insecure data link. Both of those method can be best used to provide user authentication capabilities.

A Explanation: The Data Link layer takes raw data from the physical layer and gives it logical structure. This logic includes information about where the data is meant to go, which computer sends the data, and the overall validity of the bytes sent. The Data Link layer also controls functions of logical network topologies and physical addressing as well as data transmission synchronization and corrections. SLIP, CSLIP and PPP provide control functions at the Data Link Layer (layer 2 of the OSI model).

B Explanation: A bug is a coding error in a computer program. The process of finding bugs before program final users is called debugging. Debugging starts after the code is first written and continues in successive stage as code is combined with other units of programming to form a software product, such as an operating system or application. The main reason to debug is to detect and correct errors in the program.

A Explanation: This is true, since RAID 5 uses parity to provide fault tolerance through the array, once of the disk in it can become corrupted, and you usually can just take it out without turning off the system (Hot SWAP) and plug a spare disk on the bay. Then the array will automatically begin to reconstruct the information in the new disk with the parity contained through the other disks in the array. This Hot Swap capability is usually present in enterprise servers that require high availability.

A CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing Explanation: This is the correct term, with stripping RAID 0 can evenly distribute the information through the disk that form the array in a transparent way for the final user. With RAID 0 you can be writing to 12 disk simultaneously and you see them as only one large logical partition. This level of RAID does not provide fault tolerance but provides an increase in performance because you are writing and reading from many disks and heads. An example of this stripping is the software version that comes with Windows 2000, it supports up to 32 disks.

A Explanation: SQL supports the data definition language (DDL) for creating, altering, and deleting tables and indexes. SQL does not permit metadata object names to be represented by parameters in DDL statements. With this language you can create many of the objects used in SQL, this language is standard and is supported by most database vendors in its standard form. Many of them also extends its functionality for proprietary products.

B Explanation: The C division of the Orange Book deals discretionary (need-to-know) protection and, through the inclusion of audit capabilities, for accountability of subjects and the actions they initiate. This information can be checked in the orange book. Just make a search online through it with the words "discretionary protection".

C Explanation: Diffie Hellman is a Key exchange algorithm, its strength its in the difficulty of computing discrete logarithms in a finite field generated by a large primary number. Although RSA and Diffie Hellman are similar in mathematical theory, their implementation is somewhat different. This algorithm has been released to the public. It's the primary alternative to the RSA algorithm for key exchange.

A Explanation: "Full" backup method provides a baseline for our systems for Restore; the full backup must be done at least once regardless of the method you are using to make backups. It's very common to use full backups in combination with incremental or differential ones to decrease the backup time (however you increment the restore time with incremental and differential) because it takes the largest time to complete. You always need to begin a system restoration from your baseline, and this baseline is the Full Backup.

C CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing Explanation: In the computer industry, a tiger team is a group of programmers or users who volunteer or are hired to expose errors or security holes in new software or to find out why a computer network's security is being broken. In hiring or recruiting volunteers for a tiger team, some software developers advise others to be sure that tiger team members don't include crackers, who might use their special knowledge of the software to disable or compromise it in the future. We don't need a tiger team inside our contingency plan, however, we do need someone to assest the damage, the hardware and legal affairs.

C Explanation: Due care are the steps taken to show it has taken responsibility for its actions.

A,D Explanation: Policies are written as a broad overview and require the support of upper management. After the development and approval of policies, guidelines and procedures may be written.

A,B,D Explanation: Total risk = asset value vulnerability threats

B,C,F Explanation: One of the most common systems used to classify information is the one developed within the US Department of Defense. These include: unclassified, sensitive, confidential, secret, and top secret.

C Explanation: Job rotation is tightly tied to the principle of least privilege. It is an effective security control.

D Explanation: ARP poisoning is a masquerading attack where the attacker inserts a bogus IP and MAC address in a victims ARP table or into the table of a switch. This has the effect of redirecting traffic to the attacker and not to the intended computer.

B Explanation: Passwords are not sent in clear text. The server performing the authentication sends a challenge value and the user types in the password. The password is used to encrypt the challenge value then is sent back to the authentication server.

B Explanation: CSMA/CD computers do not use a token. It is the media access method used in Ethernet.

B Explanation: CSMA/CA sends out a message to all other computers indicating it is going to send out data. CSMA/CA or token ring networking uses this approach to reduce the amount of data collisions. Note: When computers use the carrier sense multiple access with collision detection (CSMA/CD) protocols, they monitor the transmission activity, or carrier activity, on the wire so that they can determine when would be the best time to transmit data. Carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) is an access method where each computer signals its intent to transmit data before it actually does so. pg 390-391 Shon Harris All-In-One CISSP Certification

A,D Explanation: ISDN BRI has 2 B and 1 D channels

B Explanation: The top speed of ISDN BRI is 128 KBS. Its two primary channels are each capable of carrying 64 KBS so the combined top speed is 128 KBS.

B,E Explanation: Many vendors have maintenance modems that vendors can use to troubleshoot systems and provide updates. They should normally be turned off. Also information about the system should not be posted on the website and should be closely guarded.

D Explanation: Circuit based look only at IP address and ports, whereas application based dig much deeper into the packet. This makes it more secure.

E Explanation: Phreaking is the fraudulent use of telephone services.

B Explanation: A VPN creates a secure tunnel through an insecure network.

C Explanation: TCP is a connection-orientated protocol.

C Explanation: Duel gateway host is not considered firewall technology.

D Token ring passes all traffic through nodes.

C Authentication is the act of validating a user with a unique and specific identifier.

B Fiber is more secure because it is hard to tap into and gives off no EMI such as copper cabling.

E The IAAB considers the Internet a privilege, not a right, and as such considers it unethical to purposely disrupt communications.

A,E,F The chain of evidence shows who obtained the evidence, who secured the evidence, and who controlled the evidence.

A Good forensics requires the use of a bit level copy. A bit level copy duplicates all information on the suspect's disk. This includes slack space and free space.

A Along with the FBI, the Secret Service has been given the authority to investigate computer crime.

D Brute force cracking is considered more difficult and must work through all possible combinations of numbers and characters.

A Salts are added to Linux passwords to increase their randomness. They are used to help insure that no two users have the same, hashed password.

A,C The Linux root user password is typically kept in /etc/passwd or etc/shadow.

D The goal of cryptanalysis is to forge coded signals that will be accepted as authentic. CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing

E Human Resources always needs to be involved if an employee is suspected of wrongdoing. They know what rules apply to protect and prosecute employees.

C Administrators that leave systems with apparent flaws are performing an act of enticement. This is sometimes called a honeypot.

A Because it is difficult to detect electron tampering and can be easily modified.

D Shadowing, used for Unix password files hides the password hash. IF SHAWDOWING IS ACTIVE: ------------------------ If the shawdowing is active the /etc/passwd would look like this: root:x:0:1:0000:/: sysadm:x:0:0:administration:/usr/admin:/bin/rsh The password filed is substituted by "x". The /etc/shawdow file only readable by root will look similar to this: root:D943/sys34:5288:: : super user accounts : Cathy:masai1:5055:7:120 : all other users : The first field contains users id:the second contains the password(The pw will be NONE if logining in remotely is deactivated):the third contains a code of when the password was last changed:the fourth and the fifth contains the minimum and the maximum numbers of days for pw changes(Its rare that you will find this in the super user logins due to there hard to guess passwords)

E CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing A watermark is a commercial application of steganography that is used to identify pictures or verify its authenticity.

A,C,D,E,F At the beginning of any investigation, an investigator must ask who, what, when, where, and how. Answering the questions will lead to the successful conclusion of the case.

B Risk can never be eliminated. It may be reduced or transferred to a third party through insurance, but will always remain in some form.

A Employees are a greater risk to employers than outsiders, because they possess two of the three items required to commit a crime: means and opportunity.

C Due care are the steps taken to show it has taken responsibility for its actions.

A,D Policies are written as a broad overview and require the support of upper management. After the development and approval of policies, guidelines and procedures may be written.

A,B,D Total risk = asset value vulnerability threats

B,C,F One of the most common systems used to classify information is the one developed within the US Department of Defense. These include: unclassified, sensitive, confidential, secret, and top secret.

C Job rotation is tightly tied to the principle of least privilege. It is an effective security control.

D ARP poisoning is a masquerading attack where the attacker inserts a bogus IP and MAC address in a victims ARP table or into the table of a switch. This has the effect of redirecting traffic to the attacker and not to the intended computer.

B CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing Passwords are not sent in clear text. The server performing the authentication sends a challenge value and the user types in the password. The password is used to encrypt the challenge value then is sent back to the authentication server.

B CSMA/CD computers do not use a token. It is the media access method used in Ethernet.

B CSMA/CA sends out a message to all other computers indicating it is going to send out data. CSMA/CA or token ring networking uses this approach to reduce the amount of data collisions.

A,D ISDN BRI has 2 B and 1 D channels

B The top speed of ISDN BRI is 128 KBS. Its two primary channels are each capable of carrying 64 KBS so the combined top speed is 128 KBS.

B,E Many vendors have maintenance modems that vendors can use to troubleshoot systems and provide updates. They should normally be turned off. Also information about the system should not be posted on the website and should be closely guarded.

D Circuit based look only at IP address and ports, whereas application based dig much deeper into the packet. This makes it more secure.

E Phreaking is the fraudulent use of telephone services.

B A VPN creates a secure tunnel through an insecure network.

C TCP is a connection-orientated protocol.

C Duel gateway host is not considered firewall technology.

E Call forwarding can be used to bypass the call back feature and is considered a security risk.

D The goal of cryptanalysis is to forge coded signals that will be accepted as authentic.

E A watermark is a commercial application of steganography that is used to identify pictures or verify its authenticity. CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing

C Red boxing was used by phone phreakers to record the sound off coins dropping in pay phones and play it back to gain free phone access.

D The life cycle of evidence includes: collection, analysis, storage, present in court, and return to owner

C A copy of a computer disk is considered hearsay, because unless it has been copied in a forensically approved manner, it is not credible evidence.

D A copyright protects the expression of a resource, not the resource directly.

A,D Wiretapping is a passive attack that eavesdrops on communication. It is only legal with prior consent or a warrant.

C,D Administrative or regulatory laws are considered standards of performance or conduct expected by government agencies from companies, industries, and certain officials.

E CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing Acceptable use policies provide the company with legal protection. Logon banners should be used to inform users what will happen if they do not follow company rules.

A Trade secrets are deemed proprietary to a company and can be information that provides a competitive edge. This information is protected as long as the owner takes the necessary security actions.

D Reporting the change to management is the last step in the process.

B Senior management is ultimately responsible for the security of an organization. Policy flows from the top down. CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing

A,B,C Configuration management controls the changes that take place in hardware, software, and operating systems.

A Macro viruses infect Microsoft office files. There are many macro viruses because the macro language is easy to use and because Microsoft Office is prolific.

C,E Within a relational database, the rows of a table are called tuples and the columns are called attributes.

D Worms can reproduce themselves without the help of system applications or resources.

E Maintenance is the final stage of the system development life cycle.

A A polymorphic virus is a virus that makes copies of itself, then makes changes to those copies. It does this in hopes of avoiding detection of anti-virus software.

B,C,D The following identifies a business impact analysis: analyzing the threats associated with each functional area, determining the risk associated with each threat, and identifying the major functional areas of information.

B Procedures are the step-by-step instructions used to satisfy control requirements.

A,C,D,E All of the items listed can help secure faxes except printing a sensitive document banner, which actually encourages people to look at the document.

A,B,D CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing Rotation of duties, separation of duties, and mandatory vacations are all administrative controls, enforcing WEP is a technical control

E Separation of duties is considered valuable in deterring fraud since fraud can occur if an opportunity exists for collaboration between various job related capabilities. The most commonly used examples are the separate transactions needed to initiate a payment and to authorize a payment. No single individual should be capable of executing both transactions.

C Since CD's cannot be sanitized in a way to remove all data, they should be physically destroyed. There are many products that con do this. Some actually shred the CD!

D Degaussing is the most accepted way of disposing data held on a floppy disk.

E A known plain text attack is an attack against the organization's cryptosystem, not a direct attack against operations.

C Trinoo and the Tribal Flood Network (TFN) are the two most commonly used distributed denial of service attacks. The other four tools mentioned are reconnaissance techniques used to map networks and scan for known vulnerabilities.

A The teardrop attack uses overlapping packet fragments to confuse a target system and cause the system to reboot or crash.

A,D,G The essential security principles of confidentiality, integrity, and availability are referred to as the CIA Triad.

A The first step in the access control process is identifying who the subject is.

C A Type 2 authentication factor is something you have, such as a smart card, ATM card, token device, memory card, etc.

C Dual controls require that two entities work together to complete a task. This is used to reduce the possibility of fraud.

A Everyone is responsible for security.

G The Bell-LaPadula model is focused on maintaining confidentiality. CISSP Actualtests.com - The Power of Knowing

B Preventative access control is deployed to stop an unauthorized activity from occurring.

A The Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA) is specified in the Digital Encryption Standard. This is the most widely used encryption to date. It is used to encrypt millions of files ranging from matters of national security, to bank accounts, and electronic funds transfers.

A,E All the others except Rijndael and IDEA are examples of asymmetric key algorithms.