A Sharp Decline In A Population

a species whose population size fluctuates slightly above and below its carrying capacity

surge then crash. commonly in short lived reproducing organisms such as algae

boom and bust cycles found in lynx's, lemmings

t__d___ population regulation through ____

b___ u____ population regulation size of the predator and prey populations is controlled by the scarcity of one or more resources

a sharp decline that occurs due to an overshoot unless the species can switch to a new resource move to an area with more resources

the number of individuals in a population found in a particular area or volume

density dependent population controls have a greater effect as the population's density increases

a plague that occurred in Europe during the 14th century that killed 25 million people because of unsanitary conditions

types and numbers of species in biological communities and ecosystem change in response to changing environmental changes

increase the biodiversity of an ecosystem by increasing the species richness and interactions among species, increase the complexity of food webs and nutrient cycling

one set of species makes an area suitable for species with different niche requirements, but less suitable for itself

some early species may hinder the establishment and growth of other species

plants in earlier stages are unaffected by plants that came in during earlier stages because the later plants are not in direct competition with earlier plants for resources

succession proceeds in an orderly sequence along an expected path until a certain stable type of climax community occupies an area

ever changing mosaic of patches of vegetation, ongoing struggles by different species for enough light, water, nutrients, food

capacity to withstand external stress and disturbance, maintained only by constant changes in response to environmental changes

ability of a living system to survive moderate disturbances

ability of a living system to be restored through secondary succession after a moderate disturbance

when species tend to cluster where resources are available

species evolve together

occurs when one species (parasite) feeds on another organism (the host) that benefits while the host is harmed

an interaction that benefits one species but has little effect on the other

two species behave in ways that benefit both by providing each with food, shelter, or some other resource

bacteria in guts of organisms help to digest food and the organism provides a place for the organism to live and get food

group of interbreeding individuals of the same species

4 ways population size is governed by

main factor in how populations can grow, shrink, or remain stable

ways that the size of populations are controlled by limiting factors

variations in physical and chemical environment. temperature, amount of sunlight

too much or too little of any physical or chemical factor can limit or prevent growth of a population. even if all other factors are at or near the optimal range of tolerance

all factors that act to limit the growth of a population. largely determines an area's carrying capacity

the maximum population a given habitat can sustain

a population that has few, if any, limitations on its resource supplies can grow exponentially at a fixed rate. it starts slowly then accelerates to carrying capacity when meets environmental resistance. J shaped curve

a decreased population growth rate as population size reaches carrying capacity. s shaped curve

adaptations that allow species to reduce or avoid competition with other species for resources, especially when the resource is limited or scarce

two or more species interact to gain access to the same limited resources such as food, light, and space

occurs when a member of one species competition for similar scarce resources evolve specialized traits that allow them to share resources

when an organism ejects a noxious chemical spray as a way to avoid predators

ex: a viceroy butterfly is not distasteful to predators, but it gains protection bc they look like the monarch which isn't wanted

warns predators that they are dangerous that helps to keep predators away