Prepare for the MCAT with these UWorld-style flashcard questions and answers. This comprehensive guide covers all MCAT sections and high-yield content.
Q: racialization
Answer: one group designates another group with a racial identity, often based on shared group qualities, such as physical attributes (eg, skin pigmentation) or behaviors (eg, religious practices)designating group has more social power (dominant group) and exerts social control over the designated group, which has less social power (subordinate group).
Q: stereotype threat
Answer: a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotypeexample: awareness of the stereotype “women are bad at math” before a math task hinders women’s performance
Q: cultural transmission
Answer: the process by which one generation passes culture to the next
Q: normative organization
Answer: an organization where membership is based on morally relevant goals (volunteers)
Q: false consciousness
Answer: situation in which people in the lower classes come to accept a belief system that harms them; the primary means by which powerful classes in society prevent protest and revolution
Q: hidden curriculum
Answer: informal and unofficial aspects of culture that children are taught in school
Q: humanistic psychotherapy
Answer: a type of therapy that focuses upon the more POSITIVE aspects of human beings in general and rejects the medical modelemphasis upon maladaptive personality traits, and the labeling of individuals as pathological
Q: According to the early theory of emotion described in the second paragraph, which of the following brain structures is most critical to the experience of emotion?
Answer: hypothalamusresponsible primarily for the physiological component of emotion, such as changes in heart or respiration rate
Q: cingulate gyrus
Answer: emotional processing/memory
Q: escape learning vs avoidance learning
Answer: escape learning seeks to reduce the unpleasantness of something that already existsavoidance learning is meant to prevent the unpleasantness of something that hasn’t happened yet
Q: Habituation vs. Sensitization
Answer: habituation: decreased response to a stimulus over timesensitization: increased response to a stimulus over time
Q: secondary reinforcer
Answer: neutral object that becomes associated with a primary reinforcer
Q: top-down processing
Answer: guided by information, beliefs, or ideas already stored in our brain
Q: bottom-up processing
Answer: often sensory information
Q: 95% confidence intervals for the two experimental groups are shown to overlap,
Answer: implying that the difference may or may not be statistically significant
Q: left hemisphere of brain
Answer: controls touch and movement on the right side of the body
Q: urea
Answer: induces UNFOLDING of proteins
Q: average weight of single amino acid
Answer: 110 Da
Q: statistically significant
Answer: if p < .05
Q: glycosidic bond
Answer: carbohydrate binds to another group, which could also be a carbohydrate. A glycosidic bond is found between the two glucose molecules in maltose.
Q: sphingolipid
Answer: one fatty acidstructural
Q: Acetylation of lysine residues in histones increases gene expression because:
Answer: the salt bridges between charged amino acids and phosphate groups are disruptedDNA unwinds and becomes more accessible to transcription machinery
Q: muscle tissue
Answer: not connective
Q: Which of the following sequences accurately describes the pathway of communication between neurons?
Answer: Axon, synapse, dendrite, soma
Q: prostaglandin
Answer: produce a localized inflammatory response
Q: coordination number
Answer: number of ions of opposite charge that surround each ion in a crystal
Q: atria
Answer: pump blood intro ventricles
Q: left ventricle
Answer: pumps oxygenated blood into the aorta
Q: heart circulation
Answer: vena cava -> RA -> RV -> pulmonary valve –>pulmonary artery to lungs (become oxygenated)pulmonary veins -> LA -> LV -> aorta -> body
Q: Which series depicts the order in which the precursors of steroid hormones are synthesized?
Answer: Isoprene → monoterpene → squalene → cholesterol
Q: Michaelis-Menten equation
Answer: v = (vmax [S])/ (Km+[S])
Q: higher Km
Answer: lower affinity for substrate
Q: Amino acid catabolism releases nitrogen in the form of ammonia. In the liver, the urea cycle prepares ammonia for excretion. Which amino acid could undergo deamidation to produce ammonia for the urea cycle?
Answer: Glutamine
Q: confounding variable
Answer: a factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment
Q: gene duplication
Answer: genes with similar sequences, or high sequence similarityevolutionarily related
Q: mosaic phenotype
Answer: heterozygouscells express only one allele
Q: bacteriophage
Answer: exclusively infect bacteria but do not enter host cells to replicate their genetic material
Q: reverse transcriptase
Answer: enzyme encoded by some certain viruses (retroviruses) that uses RNA as a template for DNA synthesis
Q: increased osmotic pressure of filtrate
Answer: increases urine output
Q: pathway of sperm
Answer: spermatogonium, spermatocyte, spermatid, spermatozoon
Q: kinesin
Answer: to periphery of cell
Q: dynein
Answer: to nucleus
Q: desmosome
Answer: anchor the cytoskeletons, specifically the intermediate filaments, of two cells togetherin areas of high stress
Q: B lymphocyte
Answer: antibody production
Q: cytokine
Answer: Any of a group of proteins secreted by a number of cell types, including macrophages and helper T cells, that regulate the function of lymphocytes and other cells of the immune system
Q: stereotype boost
Answer: enhancement in an individual’s performance that may occur when one is made aware of a positive stereotype regarding the group that he or she belongs to
Q: master status
Answer: dominates in social situations
Q: dramaturgical approach
Answer: a view of social interaction in which people are seen as theatrical performers
Q: elaboration likelihood model
Answer: theory identifying two ways to persuade: a central route and a peripheral routemost persuasive strategy for people who have low motivation and/or ability to process the message is to use the peripheral route of processing
Q: Heuristic
Answer: a problem solving approach (algorithm) to find a satisfactory solution where finding an optimal or exact solution is impractical or impossible
Q: Algorithm
Answer: a step-by-step procedure for solving a problem
Q: incentive theory
Answer: organisms are motivated to act in order to obtain external rewards
Q: exchange-rational choice theory
Answer: rational individuals choose the course of action that is likely to give them the greatest satisfaction
Q: semantic memory
Answer: memory for knowledge about the worldstable with agerecalling vocabulary words
Q: flashbulb memory
Answer: Individuals feel extremely confident about the memory, even after a long time has elapsed (may not be completely accurate)Individuals are able to vividly recall specific details surrounding the event, including ones of seeming insignificance, such as what one was wearing or doing at the time of the event
Q: instinctive drift
Answer: an animal’s innate behaviors overshadowing a learned behaviorAnimals trained to perform a specific behavior will often lose that behavior in favor of innate behaviors, even when reinforcement is present.
Q: fixed-interval schedule
Answer: not an optimal way to train an animal to perform a new behavior because it is more difficult for the animal to associate the desired behavior with the reward
Q: Sociological Paradigm
Answer: a set of assumptions about how society works and influences people
Q: social constructionism
Answer: deals with social interactions”reality” is created through interactions, resulting in an agreed-on shared meaning.
Q: Symbolic Interactionism
Answer: meaning and value attached to symbolsindividual interactions based on these symbols
Q: buffers
Answer: weak acid and the salt of its conjugate baseCH3COOH(aq) and CH3COONa(aq)
Q: conjugate acid
Answer: one more proton
Q: When aqueous solutions of the various anions and cations were mixed, precipitates formed because:
Answer: the solubility product of a compound was exceeded.
Q: pH at the equivalence point in any titration
Answer: pH of the salt solution formed
Q: alpha decay
Answer: top number down fourbottom number down two
Q: B- decay
Answer: up one on periodic table
Q: B+ decay (positron emission)
Answer: one down on periodic table
Q: Gamma decay
Answer: no change in protons or neutrons
Q: Which gas would occupy more volume at a constant temperature and pressure, 1.5 g of N2 gas or 1.5 g of O2 gas?
Answer: Both gases occupy equal volumes.
Q: power vs authority
Answer: power: the ability to exercise one’s will over othersauthority: the socially approved use of power
Q: ethnography
Answer: study people in their natural environments (within their own communities) and provide descriptive information about the cultures, behaviors, norms, and values in a given geographic location.
Q: dependency ratio
Answer: number of people under age 15 and over age 64 compared to the number of people active in the labor force
Q: total fertility rate
Answer: average number of children born to a woman during her childbearing years
Q: mechanoreceptor
Answer: sensitive to mechanical stimulation caused by pressure, vibration, or movementincludes sound
Q: central executive system
Answer: controls deployment of attention
Q: visuospatial sketchpad
Answer: component of working memory where we create mental images to remember visual information
Q: phonological loop
Answer: that holds and processes verbal and auditory informationemployed when manipulating spoken and written information (eg, reading a book
Q: cocktail party effect
Answer: ability to attend to only one voice among many
Q: speech shadowing
Answer: experimental technique in which subjects repeat speech immediately after hearing it (usually through earphones)
Q: survey
Answer: observational
Q: Acetyl CoA
Answer: higher ATP productionless oxygen (it is reduced to water in the last step)
Q: higher ETC activity
Answer: pyruvate dehydrogenasepart of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complexirreversible (cannot get pyruvate or glucose from acetyl CoA)inhibited by its product – acetyl CoABeta oxidation
Q: PDH
Answer: cofactor for mitochondrial enzymes needed for oxidative phosphorylation especially pyruvate dehydrogenase
Q: lipoic acid
Answer: stabilized by interactions between R groupsincluding hydrogen bonding, ionic, and hydrophobic interactions and disulfide bonds
Q: tertiary structure
Answer: the part of an antigen molecule to which an antibody non-covalently attaches itself
Q: epitope
Answer: Asp, Glu
Q: negatively charged amino acids
Answer: arginine, histidine, lysine
Q: positively charged amino acids
Answer: kcat increases, Km decreases
Q: Scientists could confirm that an allosteric effector increases the catalytic efficiency of an enzyme if it has what effect on kcat and Km?
Answer: removal of atoms without hydrolysis
Q: lyase
Answer: protons that enter the mitochondrial matrix will not interact with ATP synthase
Q: pyruvate structure
Answer: the first substrate changes the shape of the enzyme allowing other substrates to bind more easilymore than one active sitesigmoidal curve
Q: decoupling
Answer: they only measure the initial reaction rate for each substrate concentration.each initial substrate concentration tested is much greater than enzyme concentration.
Q: positive cooperativity
Answer: researchers randomly assign individuals to either an experimental or a control group and expose the experimental group to the manipulated variable of interest
Q: Which experimental procedure(s) must scientists use to determine Vmax and Km of an enzymatic reaction using the Michaelis-Menten model? They must ensure that:
Answer: a term associated with the functionalist Talcott Parsons to describe the patterns of behavior that a sick person adopts in order to minimize the disruptive impact of his illness on othersRights:1. Exemption from normal social roles & responsibilities2. Lack of accountability for illnessObligations:1. Must attempt to get well2. Must seek & comply with treatment
Q: randomized controlled trial
Answer: physiological causes (abnormal brain chemistry) result in psychological symptoms, and therefore medical treatment is advised to fix the underlying problememphasizes diagnosis and treatment
Q: sick role theory
Answer: estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common
Q: biomedical approach to health and illness
Answer: relatives by blood
Q: availability heuristic
Answer: someone who becomes accepted as part of a family to which he or she has no blood relation (adoption)
Q: consanguineal kin
Answer: relatives by marriage
Q: fictive kin
Answer: procedural memory (how to do something)
Q: affinal kin
Answer: motivation is a result of a disruption of homeostasis, which generates a biological needThe biological need generates a drive to fulfill that need, which prompts action.
Q: implicit memory
Answer: Primary: Help satisfy biological needs.;Secondary: Derive effectiveness from their association with primary reinforces through classical conditioning.Primary = food, water, social relationsSecondary = things that can get primary ones
Q: drive-reduction theory
Answer: long-lasting
Q: primary vs secondary reinforcers
Answer: can include systematic desensitization of traumatic triggers or memories
Q: taste aversion
Answer: Preparatory (or imitation): Babies/toddlers imitate others (eg, a parent’s hand gesture) and begin using symbols and language (eg, repeating a phrase used by a parent) without meaning comprehension. At this stage, children have no sense of “self” as separate from the world around them.Play: Through play (eg, pretending to be a doctor), preschool-age children begin role-taking (ie, understanding the perspectives of others). When children understand themselves as individuals separate from others, the “I” component of the self has developed. Children then begin to imagine how others perceive them, which is the beginning of the development of the “me.”Game: School-age children become aware of their position/role in relation to others. They begin to see themselves from the perspective of the more abstract generalized other, further developing the “me” to incorporate the values and rules of the society in which they live.
Q: CBT
Answer: an element in one oxidation state is simultaneously oxidized and reduced
Q: Mead’s Theory of the Social Self
Answer: increases up and to the right
Q: disproportionation reaction
Answer: natural disasterrandom changes in allele frequency (not like natural selection)decreased diversity after
Q: first ionization energy
Answer: the process of mating less closely related individuals when compared to the average of the population
Q: bottleneck effect
Answer: condition that occurs when the frequency of alleles in a particular gene pool remain constant over time
Q: outbreeding
Answer: virus without an envelope (phospholipid bilayer)
Q: Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
Answer: determined by genes found on one of the first 22 pairs of chromosomes
Q: naked virus
Answer: sequence of RNA
Q: autosomal trait
Answer: not part of female reproductive system
Q: Northern blot
Answer: does not impact genetic diversity
Q: urethra
Answer: the myosin head forming a crossbridge with actin and sliding of the thin filament over the thick filament
Q: splicing
Answer: unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities when adapting to similar environments
Q: A power stroke involves:
Answer: has thinner walls than the left ventricle because it needs to pump blood at a lower pressure to propel blood to the lungs onlyleft ventricle needs to push with more force for the rest of the body
Q: convergent evolution
Answer: Increased hydrostatic pressure within pulmonary capillariescauses fluid to leak out into interstitial space
Q: right ventricle
Answer: Vmax/[E]
Q: excess fluid in the patient’s lungs is most likely caused by which of the following at the pulmonary sites of gas exchange?
Answer: precision is consistency of outputaccuracy is alignment with the TARGETED value or goal
Q: Kcat
Answer: cycle of lactate to glucose between the muscle and liverconnects glycolysis and gluconeogenesis
Q: precision vs accuracy
Answer: occurs at hydroxyl sites
Q: Cori cycle
Answer: secrete hormones that alter blood pressure.
Q: phosphorylation
Answer: recruitment & binding of other cells of the immune system (like macrophages)
Q: cytosine
Answer: antigen binding site
Q: As the two anatomical divisions of the adrenal gland, the adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla share a common feature in that both:A.synthesize steroid hormones.B.release signaling molecules into lymph vessels.C.regulate the synthesis of red blood cells.D.secrete hormones that alter blood pressure.
Answer: natural selection that decreases the frequency of a harmful alleleprevents autoimmune diseaseto avoid rampant immune responses against self, these self-recognizing cells are normally destroyed
Q: constant region
Answer: most common type of cartilagefound on the ends of long bones, ribs, and noseallows linear bone growth at the epiphyseal plate in childhood
Q: variable region
Answer: very tough form of cartilage found in the intervertebral disks of the spine and at the junctions where tendons attach to bone
Q: negative selection
Answer: an increase in the pH of the solution.
Q: hyaline cartilage
Answer: methionine.Of the 20 standard amino acids, only cysteine and methionine contain sulfur atoms. Either of these amino acids could be labeled with 35S to facilitate detection.
Q: fibrous cartilage
Answer: A.Catalytic efficiencyB.Maximum velocityC.Catalytic turnoverD.Equilibrium constantMaximum velocity
Q: A protein denatures as ionic interactions are disrupted by deprotonation of positively charged side chains. This is most likely the result of:
Answer: direct contactinvolves F factor plasmid”fs” the other gene
Q: Researchers quantified the amount of protein produced by cultured cells during a one-hour period by detecting the radioisotope 35S. Prior to this period, the cells were most likely provided with radiolabeled:A.asparagine.B.methionine.C.threonine.D.serine.
Answer: cellular uptake of DNA from the celllike transformers, “pick up” cellular material from environment like pick up trucks
Q: Scientists predicted that gene copy number is proportional to protein expression for pyruvate kinase. If this hypothesis is correct, which kinetic parameter would be expected to double when the gene copy number doubles?
Answer: RNA interferencebinds target complementary sequence on mRNA molecule to silence gene expression
Q: conjugation
Answer: The nucleus will emit a high-energy photon.The number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus will be unchanged.
Q: transformation
Answer: stronger than pi
Q: miRNA
Answer: our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli
Q: Which of the following will occur during the gamma decay of an atom of technetium-99m?The nucleus will emit a high-energy photon.The number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus will be unchanged.The atom will be converted into an isotope of a different element.
Answer: both physiological arousal and cognitive appraisal must occur before an emotion is consciously experienced
Q: sigma bond
Answer: induces proteolysis and other degradative pathways by activating caspase proteases
Q: James-Lange Theory
Answer: “killer enzyme” that plays a role in apoptosis, or programmed cell death
Q: Schachter-Singer Theory
Answer: electrons are transferred from NADH to OAA, forming malatemalate can then cross the inner mitochondrial membrane and transfer electrons to the mitochondrial NAD+, forming NADH
Q: Cytochrome C
Answer: Increased cytosolic NADPH.
Q: caspase
Answer: cytosol
Q: malate-aspartate shuttle
Answer: attaches long chain fatty acids to CoA using ATP
Q: If lower phospholipid levels are due to inhibition of fatty acid synthesis, researchers would most likely observe which of the following?
Answer: transfers long chain FAs into mitochondrial matrix after they are activated
Q: fatty acid synthesis
Answer: amino acids lose an NH3+ group to form an a-keto acidglutamate formedThe glutamate produced in this process is then deaminated, releasing ammonia (NH3), which enters the urea cycle.protein catabolism
Q: acyl synthetase
Answer: hyperbolic curve
Q: acylcarnitine translocase
Answer: astrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells, oligodendrocytes
Q: transamination reaction
Answer: mesoderm
Q: Michaelis-Menten Kinetics
Answer: able to differentiate into specialized cell types of a SPECIFIC tissue
Q: CNS glial cells
Answer: Stem cells with the potential to differentiate into ANY type of cell
Q: notochord
Answer: anything but placenta
Q: multipotent
Answer: can migrate laterally through the phospholipid-rich environment of the cell membrane
Q: totipotent
Answer: produces hydrogen peroxide as a by-product, then converts it to water
Q: pluripotent
Answer: increases calcitriol synthesis, calcium reabsorption and phosphate excretion in the kidneysincreases absorption of dietary Ca2+ in small intestines
Q: transmembrane proteins
Answer: ability to use logic and creativity to solve novel problems and identify patterns in new situations (puzzles)peaks in early adulthood and decline with age
Q: peroxisome
Answer: our accumulated knowledge and verbal skillstends to increase with age
Q: parathyroid hormone
Answer: ability to focus on one stream of information while ignoring other stimuli
Q: fluid intelligence
Answer: motor skills that one has acquiredstable with age
Q: crystallized intelligence
Answer: deficiency in the availability of monoamines (serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) in the synapses contributes to depression
Q: selective attention
Answer: reward and addiction
Q: procedural memory
Answer: sensory organ of hearing
Q: monoamine hypothesis
Answer: the theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision
Q: nucleus accumbens
Answer: decrease breakdown of monoamines in the pre-synaptic neuroninhibit monoamine oxidase
Q: organ of Corti
Answer: block the reabsorption (reuptake) of serotonin into the presynaptic neuron, thereby prolonging the presence of serotonin in the synaptic cleft
Q: opponent processing
Answer: a tendency to see an object as the same shape no matter what angle it is viewed from
Q: MAOIs
Answer: ability to recognize colors despite changes in lighting
Q: SSRIs
Answer: tendency to interpret an object as always being the same actual size, regardless of its distance
Q: shape constancy
Answer: perceived contours that do not exist physicallywe tend to complete figures that have gaps in them by perceiving a contour as continuing along its original path
Q: color constancy
Answer: objects can be recognized despite alterations in orientation, lighting, scale, and slight alterations in the objects’ component featuresrecognition of an object in different spatial orientations or when it is depicted with dotted rather than solid lines
Q: size constancy
Answer: objects that move together are grouped together
Q: subjective contours
Answer: semicircular canals (angular acceleration) and the otolith organs (linear acceleration)
Q: invariance
Answer: monocular cue for perceiving depththe more parallel lines converge, the greater their perceived distance
Q: common fate
Answer: if one object partially blocks our view of another, we perceive it as closer
Q: vestibular input
Answer: three-dimensional visionrelative location of each retina allows for different images of the object to be processed
Q: linear perspective
Answer: largely unconscious distortions of thoughts or perceptions that act to reduce anxiety
Q: interposition
Answer: memories which can be consciously recalled such as facts and events
Q: stereopsis
Answer: focuses on the role the environment plays in shaping human behaviorreinforcement and punishment shape human behavior
Q: ego defense mechanisms
Answer: creating false but plausible excuses to justify unacceptable behavior
Q: declarative memory
Answer: regulates the circadian pacemaker that controls circadian rhythmshypothalamus
Q: behaviorism
Answer: electrolyticEMG and delta G are opposites
Q: rationalization
Answer: electrolytic (requires energy)
Q: SCN
Answer: galvanic
Q: If the electromotive force of the battery in an AED is found to be −2.0 V while it is charging, the battery is functioning as a:A.galvanic cell.B.electrolytic cell.C.concentration cell.D.fuel cell.
Answer: No, because water is one of the products produced when the battery is discharged.dilutes the H2S04
Q: When a battery is charging
Answer: rate of a chemical reaction is proportional to the product of the concentrations of the reactants
Q: When Battery is discharging
Answer: Electrons in orbits farther from the nucleus have higher energy than electrons in orbits closer to the nucleus.Energy is absorbed by an electron moving from a lower orbit to a higher orbit, but energy is emitted by an electron returning from a higher orbit back to a lower orbit.
Q: Would the concentration of H2SO4 remain constant as a lead storage battery is discharged?
Answer: 1 torr = 1 mmHg
Q: law of mass action
Answer: not stereospecific
Q: Bohr model
Answer: carbon adjacent to the carbonyl carbon
Q: torr and mmHg
Answer: chiral compound used for separating enantiomers
Q: Sn1
Answer: at least 25 degree difference in BPs
Q: alpha carbon
Answer: rotate light
Q: resolving agent
Answer: 3300
Q: simple distillation
Answer: formation of glucose from noncarb sources (amino acids, lactate)fasted state
Q: chiral molecules
Answer: liver and pancreashigh Km
Q: OH peak
Answer: found in adipose tissue and musclestimulated by insulinlow Km
Q: gluconeogenesis
Answer: inhibited by ATP, NADH and FAs
Q: GLUT2
Answer: baby to age 7language acquisition is easier
Q: GLUT4
Answer: 90 minutes (4 stages –> N1,N2,N3,N2,REM)more REM sleep occurs later during the night
Q: regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase
Answer: rapid eyes movementbody temperature decreasescardiovascular and respiratory activities become irregular and increase
Q: critical period of language development
Answer: cognition controls language
Q: sleep cycle
Answer: decreased pressure in intrapleural space
Q: REM sleep
Answer: Interstitial fluid → lymph capillaries → lymph vessels → lymph duct → vein
Q: universalism
Answer: starts at puberty, continues for lifecontinuous4 haploid sperm cells
Q: inspiration
Answer: begins before birth1 ovum, 2-3 polar bodiesarrested at metaphase II
Q: Which series shows the order in which these lipid droplets are transported from the intestine to the bloodstream?
Answer: lymph nodes and spleen
Q: spermatogenesis
Answer: filters bloodplatelets and other WBCs are stored and released as needed
Q: oogenesis
Answer: erythrocytesno mitochondria
Q: Bacteria are removed from lymph and blood in the:
Answer: single circular chromosomedouble-strandedtranscription and translation occur simultaneously in the cytoplasm
Q: spleen
Answer: error in meiosis or mitosis in which members of a pair of homologous chromosomes or a pair of sister chromatids fail to separate properly
Q: RBCs
Answer: secrete insulin
Q: prokaryotes
Answer: secrete glucagon
Q: nondisjunction
Answer: secrete somatostatin
Q: pancreatic beta cells
Answer: separate two atria and two ventricles
Q: pancreatic alpha cells
Answer: larger ribosomes found in eukaryotes60 and 40 subunits
Q: pancreatic delta cells
Answer: region around a chemical saturated disc, where bacteria are unable to grow due to adverse effects of the compound in the disc
Q: septa
Answer: produces bilebreaks down fats into micelles
Q: 80S ribosomes
Answer: passage of food from stomach to small intestinecontrols the flow of chyme, or partially digested food, from the stomach into the duodenum
Q: zone of inhibition
Answer: secreted by pancreasactivated by enterokinase and/or trypsincleaves at arginine or lysine
Q: liver
Answer: carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs
Q: pyloric sphincter
Answer: gases elute firstsmaller elute first
Q: trypsinogen
Answer: speed of light in a vacuum/speed of light in the medium
Q: pulmonary artery
Answer: the amount of energy in a light or sound wave, which we perceive as brightness or loudness, as determined by the wave’s amplitudeproportional to number of photons emitted
Q: gas chromatography
Answer: process for synthesizing ATP using the energy of an electrochemical gradient and ATP synthase
Q: index of refraction
Answer: joins the phosphate group of one nucleotide (5′) to the hydroxyl group on the sugar of another nucleotide (3′)
Q: intensity
Answer: regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in the cell
Q: chemiosmosis
Answer: coordinated behaviors (synchronous)
Q: phosphodiester bond
Answer: later adulthood
Q: endomembrane system
Answer: NAD+
Q: cerebellum
Answer: forms 1,6 bonds
Q: generativity versus stagnation
Answer: negatively charged and bind cations
Q: Which cofactor is regenerated by lactate synthesis?
Answer: cannot be cleaved by proteases
Q: glycogen branching enzyme
Answer: relaxes state of an enzyme subunithigh affinity state
Q: cation exchange
Answer: hierarchical social categories often based on family background, occupation, and income
Q: D-amino acids
Answer: the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs
Q: R state
Answer: theoretical framework in which society is viewed as composed of groups that are competing for scarce resources
Q: social strata
Answer: disconnect between goals and resources available to achieve those goalsseek deviant means to achieve goal
Q: social exchange theory
Answer: tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functionsimpediment to problem solving
Q: conflict theory
Answer: individuals learn deviance in proportion to number of deviant acts they are exposed to
Q: strain theory
Answer: education, hard work, attractiveness
Q: functional fixedness
Answer: not judging a culture but trying to understand it on its own termsopposite of ethnocentrism
Q: differential association theory
Answer: dropping of one identity for anothercollege student graduates and starts working full-time
Q: cultural capital
Answer: linguistic relativity
Q: cultural relativism
Answer: we have three types of cones in the retina: red, blue, green; we get other colors by mixing and lightening/darkening colors
Q: role exit
Answer: representative cross section of the population is tested or surveyed at one specific time
Q: Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
Answer: registers blood flow to functioning areas of the brain
Q: Young-Hemholtz (trichromatic) Theory
Answer: study of human behavior in contexts of face-to-face interaction (person to person)
Q: cross-sectional study
Answer: group of basic proteins found in chromatin (positive)bind with negatively charged DNA
Q: fMRI
Answer: transfer gamma phosphate of ATPTRANSFERASE
Q: microsociology
Answer: negative focal lengthdivergingvirtual and reduced
Q: histone
Answer: backbone amide protons and carbonyl oxygens
Q: kinase
Answer: convex
Q: lenses
Answer: SUV
Q: Protein secondary structure is characterized by the pattern of hydrogen bonds between
Answer: CSI (add inverses)
Q: converging
Answer: donating/accepting Lone pairs
Q: all diverging systems
Answer: ADHincreases water permeability in collecting duct by inserting aquaporins
Q: capacitors in series
Answer: Dow Jones Industrial Averages Closing Stock Report
Q: Lewis acids/bases
Answer: “salt-retaining hormone” which promotes the retention of Na+ by the kidneyswater follows, higher BP
Q: vasopressin
Answer: reabsorbs Na+ from the tubule into interstitial fluid
Q: bowel segments mnemonic
Answer: hormone that signals the hypothalamus and brain stem to reduce appetite and increase the amount of energy used
Q: aldosterone
Answer: joining of moleculesuses ATP
Q: ascending loop of henle
Answer: restrict rotation and limit the conformations that a protein can adopt
Q: leptin
Answer: often involves the formation of bonds to hydrogen
Q: ligase
Answer: often involves the formation of bonds to oxygen
Q: peptide bonds
Answer: down
Q: reduction
Answer: GLUT 2kidney and liver
Q: oxidation
Answer: GLUT 4muscles and fat
Q: dashed
Answer: all tissueswhen blood sugar is low and energy is neededconverts glucose to G6P
Q: 2 kids lips
Answer: liver and pancreaswhen blood sugar is high (energy storage)converts glucose to G6P
Q: 4 mother father
Answer: not stereospecific and produces L and D amino acids
Q: hexokinase
Answer: bone marrow
Q: glucokinase
Answer: antibodies
Q: CrO3
Answer: molecules found on macrophages, B cells, and activated T cellssignal helper T cells
Q: Strecker synthesis
Answer: activate macrophages, B cells and T cells
Q: B cells
Answer: play an important role in the killing of cancer cells and cells infected by viruses
Q: immunoglobulins
Answer: helper T cellsMHC II
Q: MHC II
Answer: MHC Ikill bad cells
Q: helper T cells
Answer: Kcat[E]
Q: natural killer cells
Answer: highly condensed chromatin
Q: CD4+ helper
Answer: transports FAs from the cytosol into the mitochondria for oxidation
Q: CD8+ cytotoxic T cells
Answer: breaks down FAs to yield acetyl coAwhen blood sugar is low
Q: Vmax
Answer: low ADHexcessive thirst because peeing a lot
Q: heterochromatin
Answer: all chiral amino acids are this typeamino group is drawn on the left in a Fischer ProjectionS absolute configuration
Q: carnitine
Answer: amino group is drawn on the right in a Fischer ProjectionR absolute configuration
Q: Beta oxidation
Answer: 1/T
Q: diabetes insipidus
Answer: Fb = p(fluid) V(disp) g= p(fl) V(sub) g
Q: L amino acid
Answer: E=hf
Q: R amino acid
Answer: increase nucleophicity
Q: wave frequency
Answer: release of ADP and Pi from the myosin head
Q: Buoyant force equation
Answer: pairing of homologous chromosomes during meiosisallows crossing over
Q: energy photon
Answer: reabsorption of water, ions, and all organic nutrients (glucose, amino acids)
Q: acids
Answer: selectively moves substances from blood to filtrate in renal tubules and collecting ducts
Q: what automatically precedes the power stroke?
Answer: back into blood
Q: synapsis
Answer: is a guy that resembles a penis (carbonyl)thymine has two tits (two carbonyls)
Q: proximal convoluted tubule
Answer: ATP and NADH
Q: tubular secretion
Answer: active vitamin Dacts similarly to PTH
Q: tubular reabsorption
Answer: reduces blood flow and heat transfer by decreasing the diameter of superficial blood vesselsdecrease in renal blood flow
Q: guanine structure
Answer: increases blood pressure by stimulating kidneys to reabsorb more water
Q: Krebs cycle inhibitors
Answer: unicellularno nucleus or membrane bound organelles BUT has a cell wall
Q: calcitriol
Answer: physical process of breaking up large fat globules into smaller globules, thereby increasing the surface area that enzymes can use to digest the fatliver
Q: vasoconstriction
Answer: DNA transferred between bacteria by a viruslike a UFO that sits on top of bacteria and injects genetic materialUFOS involve abDUCTing aliens
Q: angiotensin II
Answer: -SH
Q: prokaryote characteristics
Answer: leucine and lysine
Q: emulsification
Answer: PhIT amino acids ‘fit’ into both categories (phenylalanine, isoleucine, threonine, tyrosine, tryptophan)
Q: transDUCTion
Answer: recovery of a habituated response after a change in stimulation
Q: thiol
Answer: tendency over time to show weaker emotional responses to emotional stimuli
Q: ketogenic amino acids
Answer: A land-dwelling mammal.A land-dwelling animal would be expected to have the heaviest bones since enhanced bone density would be required to withstand the load bearing activity that results from the impact of gravity on land-dwelling animals.
Q: ketogenic and glucogenic amino acids
Answer: plasma membrane.
Q: dishabituation
Answer: Ribosomesactively dividing, therefore, one would expect to find the radioactively labeled uracil in cell structures that contain RNA. B is the best answer because ribosomes contain rRNA and proteins.
Q: desensitization
Answer: allTissues that are exposed to the external environment have mucosal membranes. All of the tissues listed contain an element of mucosa (e.g., the nasal cavity, vagina and anus).
Q: Assuming that the vertebrates were all of comparable size, which of the following vertebrates would be expected to have the strongest and heaviest bones?A land-dwelling mammalA water-dwelling mammalA flying birdAn amphibian
Answer: Increased ADH secretionneed to conserve water and increase BP
Q: In eukaryotes, oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the mitochondrion. The analogous structure used by bacteria to carry out oxidative phosphorylation is the:cell wall.ribosome.nuclear membrane.plasma membrane.
Answer: divergence of one species into multiple species over time, which can occur when subgroups of the original species are separated or isolated in different environments so that these subgroups evolve independently of one another.
Q: Radioactively labeled uracil is added to a culture of actively dividing mammalian cells. In which of the following cell structures will the uracil be incorporated?ChromosomesRibosomesLysosomesNuclear membrane
Answer: Oxygengreatest reduction potential, greatest attraction for electrons
Q: Which of the following tissues have cells that are in direct contact with the external environment or elements of the external environment?The lining of the reproductive tractThe lining of the respiratory tractThe lining of the gastrointestinal tractI and II onlyI and III onlyII and III onlyI, II, and III
Answer: more than two sets of chromosomes.Disruption of the mitotic spindle by drugs prevents the proper segregation of chromosomes into the daughter cells and usually results in unequal numbers being distributed to the two daughter cells. Many of the resulting plant cells would have more than two sets of chromosomes
Q: A hiker becomes lost and has no drinking water for 2 days. At the end of this time, which of the following changes in hormone production would be expected to be significant in this individual?Decreased glucocorticoid secretionDecreased aldosterone secretionIncreased insulin secretionIncreased antidiuretic hormone secretion
Answer: presence of a layer of endothelial cells.B is incorrect because only veins have valves.C is incorrect because only certain types of arteries dilate or constrict to regulate blood flow.D is incorrect because the exchange of nutrients with the surrounding tissues occurs only in capillaries.
Q: adaptive radiation
Answer: Proteolytic enzymespancreas produces several proteolytic enzymes, which are released into the small intestine where they are converted to their active forms of trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidase.