Prepare for AP World History Unit 7.1 with these practice questions and answers. This guide covers global conflicts, causes of World War I, and their effects on world history.
Q: *An Intense Period of Rebellion continued into the Early
Answer: 1900s
Q: *Who is Nicholas II?
Answer: The Last Russian Czar
Q: *What didn’t Nicholas II understand?
Answer: Nicholas II didn’t understand the Force of the Political Opposition to his Rule that had resulted in his Assassinations in 1918
Q: *In the 20th Century’s First Two Decades,
Answer: Rebellions erupted against Long – Standing Authoritarian Governments in Russia, China, and Mexico
Q: *Revolutionaries
Answer: Unseated Ruling Governments in each Country, challenging the Existing Political and Social Order and Instituting their Own Political Philosophies and Practices
Q: *True / False – Established Land – Based and Maritime Empires collapsed under Pressure from Internal and External Forces
Answer: True
Q: *By the End of the 20th Century,
Answer: A New Global Order had emerged
Q: In the Early 20th Century (Revolution in Russia)
Answer: Russia was falling behind most of Europe, the United States, and Japan in Wealth and in Power
Q: While Governments in other Industrializing States in the 19th Century were actively Promoting Economic Growth,
Answer: Russia was NOT
Q: (With Industrialization), Russia was slow to
Answer: Expand Education for Peasants, Build Roads and other Parts of its Transportation Networks, and support Entrepreneurs with Loans and Contracts
Q: The Russian Tsarist Government
Answer: Resisted Calls for Political Reform. And it was Reluctant to Recognize Civil Liberties and to allow More Citizens to participate in Government
Q: With a Strong Economic Base to support a Military, Russia then became Weaker in International Affairs:
Answer: It lost the Crimean War (1853 – 1856) against the Ottoman Empire (supported by Great Britain and France)It lost the Russo – Japanese War (1904 – 1905) in a Battle for Power in East Asia
Q: In the Fall of 1917, the Bolsheviks
Answer: Seized Power and Set Up a Communist Government with Lenin at its Head
Q: Who are the Bolsheviks?
Answer: An Organization Representing the Revolutionary Working Class of Russia under the Leadership of Vladimir Lenin
Q: What did the Communists believe?
Answer: Communists believed that Workers eventually should own the Means of Production and that Collective Ownership would lead to Collective Prosperity and a Just Society
Q: Toward that Long – Term Goal,
Answer: The Soviet Government abolished Private Trade, Distributed Peasants’ Crops to feed Urban Workers, and took over Ownership of the Country’s Factories and Heavy Industries (also on Topic 7.4)
Q: The Bolsheviks were the First Example of
Answer: Communists Running a Large Country. Throughout the Capitalist World, from Europe to the United States to Japan, People worried that Communists were a Danger to their Governments as well
Q: The Conflict between Communism and Capitalism would become
Answer: AN IMPORTANT ISSUE SHAPING WORLD AFFAIRS IN THE REST OF THE 20TH CENTURY
Q: China was another Land – Based Empire that collapsed in this Period from Problems faced (Upheaval in China)
Answer: At Home and from other Countries
Q: The Qing Dynasty had come to Power in China in
Answer: 1644; A Revolution overthrew the Qing Dynasty in 1911, creating a Republic led first by Dr. Sun Yat-sen
Q: China faced Daunting Domestic Concerns in the Late 19th Century
Answer: Each of which Weakened Support for the Government (One of these Concerns = Ethnic Tension)
Q: *China is consisted of Many Ethnic Groups
Answer: The Largest Group = The Han
Q: *Ruler of the Qing Dynasty
Answer: Manchus (from a Region Northeast of China)
Q: Many Chinese, particularly the Han, never fully accepted
Answer: The Qing as Legitimate Rulers of China
Q: By the Late 19th Century, the Qing
Answer: Had ruled China for over 2 Centuries, but they had remained Ethically Distinct
Q: A Second Problem (within the Upheaval of China)
Answer: Was the Constant Danger of Famine; China experienced Rapid Population Growth between the Mid – 1700s and Mid – 1800s, but could not Expand the Amount of Farmland or Productivity rapidly Enough to Provide a Stable Food Supply*Any Natural Disaster, such as a Drought or a Flood, could Result in the Early Deaths of Thousands of People
Q: A Third Problem (with the Upheaval of China)
Answer: Was that Government Revenues were very Low. The Imperial Government had not updated the Tax System to adjust to Changes in the Economy. As a Result, compared to Europe or the United States, Taxes in China were Low
Q: Since China’s Taxes were Low (with the Upheaval of China),
Answer: The Government did not have the Resources to Maintain Roads, Bridges and Irrigation Canals
Q: *China had been
Answer: One of the Wealthiest, Most Powerful, Most Innovative States in the World for much of its Recorded History
Q: However, starting in the Late 18th Century (with China),
Answer: It faced Growing Threats to its Position by Industrialization in Europe. Europeans interested in the Chinese Market could trade only in the City of Canton (Guangzhou)
Q: In the Late 18th Century, Europeans commonly brought
Answer: Tea, Rhubarb (Herbaceous Medicine), Porcelain, and Silk
Q: In Europe, Chinese Fashions, Table Settings, and Art Objects
Answer: Were very Popular (The Chinese received European Silver in Exchange for what they Sold. However, the Chinese did not desire the Products Europeans produced, and they looked down on Europeans as Violent and Less Civilized)
Q: In Response to Growing European Influence in China, many Chinese
Answer: Did Rally behind the Empress in the 1890s
Q: In 1911,
Answer: The Last Chinese Dynasty was overthrown by a Revolutionary Movement led by Sun Yat-sen
Q: *Though a Christian, Sun believed
Answer: That China should have Continued to follow such Confucian Principles such as Loyalty, Respect for Ancestors, and Efforts to promote Social Harmony
Q: He (Sun) combined
Answer: These Traditions with Ideas he later elaborated upon in his Book “The Three People’s Principles”
Q: The Three Principles:
Answer: Democracy – Sun believed in Sovereignty, not for ALL People but for those Chinese who were “able.” Confucian Terms = A Country governed by Active and Pragmatic (Realistic) Experts in the Name of the People. He felt that expelling Foreign Capitalists from China would enable China would enable the Country to Distribute Revenues from Land Taxes more Fairly, since the Revenues would not have to be used to pay Debts to ForeignersNationalism – Sun advocated Patriotism and Loyalty, primarily to Central AuthorityLivelihood – Sun wanted to end the Extreme Unequal Distribution of Wealth in China and the Harsh Economic Exploitation
Q: Sun never had enough of what to Rule all of China
Answer: Military Strength
Q: True / False – Various Warlords controlled the Majority of the Country and Sun recognized the Weakness of his Position (as the Effect). After Two Months in Office, he gave up his Position as a Military Leader
Answer: True
Q: What Party did Sun lead?
Answer: The Chinese Nationalist Party, or Kuomintang (that eventually regained Power)
Q: The Chinese Nationalist Party
Answer: Would Rule China for Two Decades before Losing a Civil War with Chinese Communists *While both the Kuomintang and the Communists would honor Sun as the Founder of the Chinese Republic, neither would fully Implement his Principles
Q: By the Beginning of the 20th Century, the Ottoman Empire – now “The Sick Man of Europe” –
Answer: Had Relatively Few Exports and a Waning (Mutilating) Agricultural Economy
Q: The Ottoman Empire relied most upon
Answer: Its Position as a Trade Center. Egypt, by Contrast, continued to make Profits from Cotton
Q: As Ottoman Prosperity declined, a Group of Reformers known as what emerged
Answer: The Young Turks
Q: The Young Turks:
Answer: Advocated for a Constitution like those of the European StatesThey also advocated Turkification, an Effort to make ALL Citizens of the Multi – Ethnic Empire identify with Turkish Culture, which was Heavily Islamic
Q: True / False – In Response, some Young Turks Scapegoated, or unfairly Blamed Armenians for the Empire’s Economic Problems
Answer: True
Q: Turks resented many Europeans, particularly the British and the French, for their
Answer: Economic Policies
Q: What had given Europeans undue Power in the Ottoman Empire
Answer: Foreign Investments
Q: Further, Europeans had Imposed
Answer: Trade Privileges that were Unprofitable for the Ottomans. And because of these Resentments, the Ottoman Empire secretly allied with Germany in World War I (Topic 7.2)
Q: After Germany’s Defeat in World War I, the Ottoman Empire was
Answer: Dismantled by the Victorious Powers. It was replaced by a Smaller Nation – State, the Republic of Turkey, and several Independent Countries
Q: True / False – Victorious Allied Forces immediately sent Troops to occupy Anatolia. Although the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire remained on his Throne, he had Little Power. He served as a Mere Puppet for British Forces that hoped to control the Lands of the Former Empire
Answer: True
Q: During World War II, a Group called
Answer: The Turkish National Movement organized an Army to Fight for Self – Determination
Q: The Turkish Nationalists defeated British and other Forces in 1921. Who was it led by?
Answer: Mustafa Kemal
Q: The Republic of Turkey was established in 1923, with Kemal
Answer: As the First President
Q: The New National Assembly Awarded Kemal the Surname
Answer: Ataturk (The Father of the Turks) in Recognition of his Role in Establishing the New Republic (of Turkey)
Q: Ataturk’s Policies Focused on
Answer: Reforming Turkey to make it more like the Western Democracies. Ataturk was determined to create a Secular Nation, NOT one with strong Islamic Influences. He also implemented Several Reforms:*Establishing Public Education for Boys and Girls*Abolishing Polygyny*Expanding Suffrage to Include Women
Q: As a Symbolic Gesture, Ataturk
Answer: Wore Mainly Western Suits and Hats as well as Encouraged Others to do the Same. Despite his Reforms, he ruled as a Dictator for 15 Years/ He also didn’t give up Power before his Death in 1938
Q: Mexico entered the 20th Century as an Independent Nation Firmly under the Control of a Dictator:
Answer: Porfirio Diaz
Q: *Porfirio Diaz
Answer: Oversaw a Period of Stability and some Economic Progress. However, he had allowed Foreign Investors, particularly those from the United States, control over many of the Country’s Resources. Additionally, the Wealthiest 1 Percent of the Population controlled 97 Percent of the Land. Typical Mexican Peasants were Landless
Q: In 1910, Diaz JAILED
Answer: Francisco Madero, the Opposition Candidate for President (of Mexico). *This Act, combined with the Growing Opposition to Diaz’s Strong – Armed Policies, Accommodation to Foreign Powers, and Opposition to Land Reform, ignited the Mexican Revolution
Q: Madero escaped and set up Revolutionary Officers in
Answer: El Paso, Texas. Then, in 1911, Madero’s Troops, under the Command of Francisco “Pancho” Villa, defeated Mexican Troops, sending Diaz into Exile
Q: What was the Name of One Revolutionary Leader that began the Actual Process of Redistributing Lands to Impoverished Peasants
Answer: Emilliano Zapata
Q: Until 1920, Mexico
Answer: Suffered from Political Instability and Devastating Violence
Q: Between 1910 and 1920, Conflicts in Mexico
Answer: Resulted in around 2 Million Deaths, out of a Population of around 15 Million People. In addition, Political Violence Continued for Another Decade. And Two Results came out of Conflicts between 1910 and 1930 that provided Mexico with Stability for the Rest of the Century:
Q: Result #1
Answer: Mexico adopted a New Constitution in 1917. It included the Goals of Land Redistribution, Universal Suffrage, and Public Education. These Principles continued to Guide Mexico’s Government
Q: Result #2
Answer: The Institutional Revolutionary Party, or PRI, was formed in 1929. Though Widely Criticized as Corrupt, the PRI dominated Mexican Politics. Until 2000, all Presidents were PRI Members