Prepare for AP Biology Unit 1 with these Chemistry of Life practice questions. This covers macromolecules, water properties, enzymes, and biochemistry fundamentals.
Q: What 4 elements make up 96% of living matter?
Answer: Carbon, Hydrogen,Oxygen, and Nitrogen
Q: How are elements different from one another?
Answer: The atoms of different elements are different from each other because they have different numbers of protons.
Q: How do you calculate atomic mass?
Answer: 1.Multiply each isotope’s mass by its abundance. If your abundance is a percent, divide your answer by 100.2.Add these values together.
Q: Polar covalent bond
Answer: The electrons shared by the atoms spend a greater amount of time, on the average, closer to the Oxygen nucleus than the Hydrogen nucleus.
Q: Van der Waals interactions
Answer: Van der Waals forces are driven by induced electrical interactions between two or more atoms or molecules that are very close to each other.Van der Waals interaction is the weakest of all intermolecular attractions between molecules.
Q: Explain why water molecules form hydrogen bonds.
Answer: Polar molecules, such as water molecules, have a weak, partial negative charge at one region of the molecule (the oxygen atom in water) and a partial positive charge elsewhere (the hydrogen atoms in water).
Q: Draw a picture of a water molecule and include charges.
Answer: 1. Cohesion & Adhesion- Cohesion – water is “sticky” , and drinking straw- Adhesion – Capillary action,meniscus.water climbs up paper towel or cloth.2.Good Solvent-Hydrophilic – polar – attracted to water-Hydrophobic – non-polar – not attracted to water3.Lower density as a solid- ice floats4.High specific heat- Water stores heat5.High heat of vaporization- heats & cools slowly
Q: List and explain the properties of water.
Answer: Fear of water
Q: Hydrophobic
Answer: Nonpolar
Q: Are hydrophobic substances polar or nonpolar?
Answer: Heat of vaporization
Q: Explain why alcohol will evaporate faster than water.
Answer: It’s an organic compound
Q: What does it mean when a substance is referred to as being organic?
Answer: 4 single covalent bonds using 4 valence electrons
Q: How many and what type of bond will carbon form with other atoms?
Answer: They are nonpolar molecule substances.
Q: Explain why hydrocarbons are insoluble in water.
Answer: Polymer – a substance that has a molecular structure consisting chiefly or entirely of a large number of similar units bonded together, e.g., many synthetic organic materials used as plastics and resins.Monomer -a molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer.
Q: Draw an alcohol functional group.
Answer: any of a class of sugars whose molecules contain two monosaccharide residues.
Q: Draw functional groups present on all amino acids.
Answer: You can eat starch, but you can’t digest cellulose. Your body contains enzymes that break starch down into glucose to fuel your body. But we humans don’t have enzymes that can break down cellulose.Starch contains alpha glucose, while cellulose is made of beta glucose.
Q: Compare and contrast polymers and monomers, provide examples of each.
Answer: Saturated fats are solid at room temperature, while unsaturated fats are liquid at room temperature. This is because saturated and unsaturated fats differ in their chemical structures. Saturated fats have no double bond between molecules, which means there are no gaps and the fat is saturated with hydrogen molecules.
Q: What is a disaccharide? Provide an example.
Answer: the chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water.
Q: Compare and contrast starch and cellulose.
Answer: The monomers combine with each other via covalent bonds to form larger molecules known as polymers. In doing so, monomers release water molecules as byproducts. This type of reaction is known as dehydration synthesis, which means “to put together while losing water.
Q: Compare and contrast saturated and unsaturated fats. Draw an example of each.
Answer: Glycosidic bond
Q: Hydrolysis
Answer: Amino Acids Are Linked by Peptide Bonds to Form Polypeptide Chains.
Q: Dehydration synthesis
Answer: proteins, lipids (fats), carbohydrates (sugars) and nucleic acids (DNA and RNA).
Q: What bonds form between sugars?
Answer: Starch – IKI- Turned into the color of IKI.Protein-Biuret – didn’t changeSimple sugars – Benedicts – white blue,red white or turned white.Lipids – Sudan IV – we didn’t do that
Q: What bonds form between amino acids?
Answer: The primary structure is the sequence of amino acids that make up a polypeptide chain.Protein secondary structure refers to regular, repeated patterns of folding of the protein backbone.Tertiary structure refers to the overall folding of the entire polypeptide chain into a specific 3D shape.The quaternary structure describes the way in which the different subunits are packed together to form the overall structure of the protein.
Q: What are the macromolecules required by living things?
Answer: Enzymes are very efficient catalysts for biochemical reactions. They speed up reactions by providing an alternative reaction pathway of lower activation energy. Like all catalysts, enzymes take part in the reaction – that is how they provide an alternative reaction pathway.
Q: List the indicators used in the food lab, state what they test for, identify their before and after colors in the presence of their particular macromolecule.
Answer: By pH,Temperature,Reducing/Oxidizing Environment,The presence of other small molecules .
Q: Describe primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary protein structure.
Answer: Noncompetitive inhibition occurs when a molecule disrupts the shape of an enzyme by binding somewhere other than the active site. The active site is the area of an enzyme where a substrate typically attaches.Competitive inhibition occurs when a inhibitor molecule has a shape that is very similar to the substrate.
Q: Explain enzyme functions.
Answer: These molecules bind the allosteric site and change the confirmation, or shape, of the enzyme.Molecules that turn off enzymes are called allosteric inhibitors.Allosteric inhibitors change how the active site is shaped and prevents it from binding, or attaching, to the substrate.
Q: How doe environmental factors affect protein shape?
Answer: Anabolism: The buildup of complex organic molecules from simpler ones, reactions are called anabolic or biosynthetic.They involve dehydration synthesis (release water) and are endergonic.Catabolism: The breakdown of complex organic molecules into simpler ones.