Prepare for your Anatomy and Physiology I final exam with these practice questions and answers. This covers cells, tissues, bones, muscles, and nervous system basics.
Q: define anatomy
Answer: the study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts and their relationship to one another.
Q: define physiology
Answer: the study of how the body and its parts work or function.
Q: Beginning with the smallest, what are the levels of structural organization of the human body
Answer: 1. chemicals (atoms or molecules)2. cells3. tissues4. organs5. organ systems6. organisms
Q: define hemtopoesis
Answer: the process of creating new blood cells in the body.
Q: The building block of all matter is ______________.
Answer: atom
Q: What system transports oxygen and nutrients; contains blood vessels
Answer: cardiovascular system
Q: What system is the production of offspring; contains uterus or testis
Answer: reproductive system
Q: What system breaks down food; contains the esophagus
Answer: digestive system
Q: What system picks up fluid from blood vessels; contains lymph nodes
Answer: lymphatic system
Q: What system eliminates nitrogenous wastes; contains ureter
Answer: urinary system
Q: What system supplies blood with oxygen and eliminates CO2; contains the lungs
Answer: respiratory system
Q: What system protects the entire body; contains sweat and oil glands
Answer: integumentary system
Q: What system secretes hormones; contains the pituitary gland
Answer: endocrine system
Q: What system responds to internal/external stimuli; contains the brain
Answer: nervous system
Q: What system protects/supports the body; contains joints and cartilage
Answer: skeletal system
Q: What system allows movement; contains skeletal muscles
Answer: muscular system
Q: What are the 6 major life functions of living organisms?
Answer: 1. responsiveness/irritability2. digestion3. metabolism4. excretion5. reproduction6. growth
Q: What are the 5 survival needs of living organisms?
Answer: 1. nutrients2. oxygen3. water4. normal body temperature5. atmospheric
Q: define homeostasis
Answer: the body’s ability to maintain a relatively stable internal condition, even though the outside environment is changing
Q: define negative feedbacks
Answer: most homeostatic control mechanisms are negative feedback
Q: define positive feedbacks
Answer: increases the original disturbance to push the variance farther than its original value.
Q: give examples of negative feedbacks
Answer: -body temperature regulation (sweating)-heart rate-blood pressure-breathing rate-blood levels of glucose, oxygen, CO2, and minerals
Q: give examples of positive feedbacks
Answer: -blood clotting-contractions for child birth
Q: describe the anatomical position
Answer: the body is erect with feet parallel and the arms hanging at the sides with the palms facing up
Q: directional terms
Answer: explains exactly where one body structure is in relation to another.
Q: superior
Answer: head; above
Q: inferior
Answer: away from the head; below
Q: ventral
Answer: front
Q: dorsal
Answer: back
Q: medial
Answer: toward or at the midline
Q: lateral
Answer: away from the midline
Q: intermediate
Answer: between a more medial and more lateral structure
Q: proxiaml
Answer: close to the origin of the body part/attachment of limb
Q: distal
Answer: farther from the origin of the body part/ attachment of limb
Q: superficial
Answer: toward/ at the body surface
Q: deep
Answer: away from the body/more internal
Q: prone
Answer: laying face down
Q: supine
Answer: laying face up
Q: abdominal
Answer: anterior body trunk inferior to the ribs
Q: acromial
Answer: point of shoulder
Q: antebrachial
Answer: forearm
Q: antecubital
Answer: anterior surface of the elbow
Q: axillary
Answer: armpit
Q: brachial
Answer: upper arm
Q: buccal
Answer: cheek
Q: carpal
Answer: wrist
Q: cervical
Answer: neck
Q: coxal
Answer: hip
Q: crural
Answer: front lower leg
Q: deltoid
Answer: curve of shoulder
Q: digital
Answer: fingers, toes
Q: fibular
Answer: lateral part of leg
Q: frontal
Answer: forehead
Q: inguinal
Answer: area where thigh meets body trunk, groin
Q: mental
Answer: chin
Q: oral
Answer: mouth
Q: orbital
Answer: eye area
Q: patellar
Answer: anterior knee cap
Q: pelvic
Answer: pelvis
Q: pubic
Answer: genital region
Q: sternal
Answer: breastbone
Q: tarsal
Answer: ankle
Q: thoratic
Answer: chest
Q: umbilical
Answer: navel
Q: calcaneal
Answer: heel of foot
Q: cephalic
Answer: head
Q: femoral
Answer: thigh
Q: gluteal
Answer: buttock
Q: lumbar
Answer: area of back between hips/ribs; loin
Q: occipital
Answer: posterior surface of head; base of skull
Q: olecranal
Answer: posterior surface of elbow
Q: popliteal
Answer: posterior knee area
Q: sacral
Answer: between hips
Q: scapular
Answer: shoulder blade region
Q: sural
Answer: posterior surface of leg; calf
Q: vertebral
Answer: spinal column
Q: plantar
Answer: sole of foot
Q: 2 divisions of the dorsal cavity-what chief organs do they contain
Answer: 1. cranial: holds brain2. spinal: contains spinal cord
Q: 2 subdivisions of the ventral cavity-what chief organs do they contain
Answer: 1. thoratic: heart, lungs2. abdominal: stomach, intestines, liver, spleen3. pelvic: reproductive organs, bladder, rectum
Q: body planes
Answer: an imaginary line that is cut to divide the body into sections
Q: sagittal
Answer: cuts the human body longitudinal (lengthwise) into L and R sections
Q: midsaggital
Answer: a sagittal cut down the middle of the human body
Q: transverse
Answer: cut along a horizontal plane; cut human body into superior and inferior parts-aka cross section
Q: frontal plane
Answer: cut along lengthwise that cuts the human body into anterior and posterior parts
Q: hypogastric
Answer: lower middle quadrant of the abdominal cavity
Q: What are the 4 types of tissues found in the human body?
Answer: 1. epithelial2. connective3. muscle4. nervous
Q: What is the main function of the epithelial tissue?
Answer: lines on the outer covering of thing.-helps absorb. protect, and secrete-regenerates if well nourished-mostly avascular
Q: What is the main function of connective tissue-examples
Answer: ex: bones, fat, blood,-protects, supports, and binds together other body tissue
Q: identify the 3 types of epithelial membranes and describe their characteristics
Answer: 1. cutaneous membrane (outer skin)2. mucous membrane (find in cavities in nose and mouth)3. serous membrane (membranes around cavities that connect to the outside)
Q: serous membrane
Answer: 1. parietal layer (lines the cavities of organ)2. visceral layer (around an organ)
Q: serous fluid
Answer: separates the serous membranes
Q: synovial fluid
Answer: lubricating fluid around the joints
Q: peritoneum
Answer: abdominal cavity
Q: pleura
Answer: around the lungs
Q: pericardium
Answer: around the heart
Q: identify the the connective membrane and describe their characteristics
Answer: 1. synovial membrane (lines fibrous capsules around joints)-secretes a lubricating fluid
Q: What 5 structures make up the integumentary system?
Answer: 1. skin2. sweat glands3. oil glands4. hair5. nails
Q: What are the primary functions of the integumentary system?
Answer: protection:-mechanical damage (bumps)-chemical damage (acids and bases)-bacterial damage-UV radiation (sunlight)-thermal damage-desiccation (drying out)
Q: What protects the skin from drying out?
Answer: keratin
Q: What does the skin synthesis?
Answer: vitamin D
Q: Cutaneous sensor receptors detect what 4 things?
Answer: 1. touch2. temperature3. pressure4. pain
Q: List the 3 layers of skin
Answer: 1. epidermis2. dermis3. hypodermis
Q: Characteristics of the epidermis
Answer: outer layer-no blood supply-produces keratin-stratified squamous epithelium
Q: Characteristics of the dermis
Answer: most of all of the major structures you find in your skin-hair-follicles-receptors
Q: Characteristics of the hypodermis
Answer: (subcutaneous layer)-contains fat cells-acts as a shock absorber-insulator
Q: What is keratin?
Answer: makes the epidermis tough and prevents water loss.
Q: What is melanin?
Answer: pigment
Q: What are the 5 layers of the epidermis?
Answer: 1. stratum basale (bottom layer)2. stratum spinosum3. stratum granulosum4. stratum lucidum (thick skin)5. stratum corneum (dead layer)
Q: stratum basale
Answer: most important layer-mitotic and constantly making new cells-keratin and melanocytes (creates pigment)
Q: What are the symptoms of jaundice?
Answer: liver disorder; excess bile pigments absorbed into blood
Q: What are the symptoms of contact dermatitis?
Answer: allergic reaction-red, itchy rash
Q: What is the function of the arecti pili muscle?
Answer: in the hair, allowing the hair follicle to stand up while cold
Q: What is the function of the dermal papillae?
Answer: layer that has capillaries in it so it can provide blood to the dermal and basale layer
Q: What are the 2 types of sudoriferous (sweat) glands?
Answer: 1. eccrine2. apocrine
Q: Characteristics of the eccrine glands
Answer: everywhere-produce mostly sweat
Q: Characteristics of the apocrine glands
Answer: armpits and genital regions-produce sweat and proteins
Q: What is the sebaceous gland?
Answer: oil gland attached to the hair follicle-found all over the body excluding thick skin-activated at puberty
Q: What are the characteristics of the sebaceous gland?
Answer: -lubricant for skin-prevents brittle hair-kills bacteria
Q: What is hair composed of?
Answer: keratin-has melanin
Q: What are nails composed of?
Answer: keratin
Q: Why are our nails pink
Answer: laying on top of skin-no melanin or pigment
Q: What are the symptoms of a 1st degree burn?
Answer: partial -thickness burn-only the epidermis is damaged
Q: What are the symptoms of a 2nd degree burn?
Answer: partial-thickness burn-epidermis and upper dermis are damaged-skin is red with blisters
Q: What are the symptoms of the 3rd degree burn?
Answer: full-thickness burn-destroys entire skin layer; burned area is painless-requires skin grafts-burn is gray-white or black
Q: What are the symptoms of the 4th degree burn?
Answer: all layers-destruction of all layers of the skin-no pain is felt-charred or black in color
Q: What is the Rule of Nines used for?
Answer: used to determine the extent of the burn
Q: What are the names of all 3 types of skin carcinomas?
Answer: 1. basale cell carcinoma2. squamous cell carcinoma3. malignant melanoma
Q: Describe basale cell carcinoma
Answer: least malignant
Q: Describe squamous cell carcinoma
Answer: curable-sun-induced-arises in the stratum basale
Q: Describe malignant melanoma
Answer: most deadly of skin cancers
Q: Explain the ABCD rule for melanoma
Answer: if spot fails one of these tests; get checked outA= Asymmetry-non-symmetricalB= Border irregularity-borders aren’t smoothC= Color-different colorsD= Diameter-larger than 6 mm in diameter
Q: What are the 3 components of hair?
Answer: 1. central medulla2. cortex (surrounds the medulla-color of hair)3. cuticle (outside of cortex)
Q: Be able to recognize the location and classification of bones
Answer: 1. diaphysis (across, growth)2. periosteum (around, bone)3. epiphysis (above, growth)4. articular cartilage5. epiphyseal plate (growth plate)6. epiphyseal line7. marrow (medullary) cavity
Q: What is the anatomy of a long bone?
Answer: -ends of bone-composed mostly of spongy bone enclosed by thin layer of compact bone
Q: define epiphysis
Answer: secure periosteum to underlying bone (attaches the periosteum to the bone)
Q: define Sharpy’s fibers
Answer: -cavity inside the shaft-contains yellow marrow (mostly fat) in adults-contains red marrow for blood cell formation in infants-medullary
Q: define medullary cavitiy
Answer: -covers the external surface of the epiphysis-made of hyaline cartilage-decreases friction at joint surfaces
Q: define articular cartilage
Answer: -outside covering of the diaphysis-fibrous connective tissue membrane-perforating fibers attach the periosteum to the bone
Q: define periosteum
Answer: -flat plate of hyaline cartilage seen in young, growing bone-causes lengthwise growth of a long bone
Q: define epiphyseal plate
Answer: -remnant of the epiphyseal plate-seen in the adult bones
Q: define epiphyseal line
Answer: a system of interconnecting canals in the microscopic structure of adult compact bone-unit of bone
Q: define osteons
Answer: are rings situated around the central (Haversion) canal
Q: define lamellae
Answer: a little depression or space- in bone or cartilage, lacunae are occupied by cells
Q: define lacuna
Answer: mature bones cells-are situated within cavities known as launae
Q: define osteocytes
Answer: tiny canals-radiate from the central canal to lacunae-form a transport system connecting all bone cells to a nutrient supply
Q: define canaliculi
Answer: central canal
Q: define Haversian canal
Answer: activates osteoclasts-causes the bone remodeling process to begin based on the low calcium level
Q: How does the PTH play a role in bone remodeling?
Answer: 1. support2. protect3. movement4. store minerals and fats5. blood cell formation
Q: What are the 5 functions of the skeletal system?
Answer: 1. bones2. joints3. ligaments4. cartilages
Q: What are the 4 parts of the skeleton system?
Answer: blood cell formation
Q: What is red marrow?
Answer: contains mostly fat
Q: What is yellow marrow?
Answer: hyaline cartilage model
Q: Where do most bones derive from?
Answer: flat bones
Q: What bones derive from fibrous membranes?
Answer: mature bones cells-are situated within cavities known as launae
Q: define the role of osteocytes
Answer: creates a bony matrix (bone collar) around the hyaline cartilage model
Q: define the role of osteoblasts
Answer: break down bone and release calcium and phosphorus ions into the blood