Prepare for the Praxis 5135 Art Content Knowledge exam with this study guide. This covers art history, visual arts media, art criticism, and art education pedagogy.
Q: Relief
Answer: A projecting design carved or modeled on a flat background
Q: Perspective
Answer: A technique for representing space and 3-dimensional objects on a flat, 2-dimensional surface by suggesting depth or distance
Q: Figurative
Answer: Style that accurately represents figures, animals, or other recognizable objects
Q: Graphic
Answer: Art on a flat surface based on drawing and use of line; especially applied to printmaking
Q: Plane
Answer: A flat, 2-dimensional surface with a defined boundary; An element with 2 dimensions-length and width
Q: Static
Answer: Arrangement of shapes, lines, colors that reduce visual movement when looking at a picture
Q: Flat
Answer: Without illusion of volume or depth; also pure color lacking gradations of tone
Q: Complementary
Answer: Opposite colors on the color wheel (green/red; orange/blue)
Q: Values
Answer: Degree of light or dark in a color
Q: Monumental
Answer: Pertaining to monuments; heroic scale
Q: Drypoint
Answer: An Intaglio printing process where a design is scratched into a copper or zinc plate with a fine steel needle or jewel, which permits soft atmospheric effects
Q: Etching
Answer: Indentations on a plate are submerged in an acid bath so that only the lines appear in the print
Q: Lithograph
Answer: The artist draws on a limestone slab with a greasy crayon. Water is applied, which adheres to the stones’s non greasy surface, and then greasy ink is rolled on, which sticks only where there is no water. A sheet of paper is then applied to the slab in a lithographic press to reproduce
Q: Silk Screen Prints (Serigrophy)
Answer: Developed by Andy Warhol; A stencil is attached to a screen of silk stretched on a frame, then ink is forced through the stencil with a rubber squeegee
Q: Expressionism
Answer: The use of distorted, exaggerated forms and colors for emotional impact
Q: L’Art Brut
Answer: Raw or crude art; coined by Dubuffet
Q: Haniwa
Answer: “Circle of Clay”; Resembles a cylinder perhaps to the height of a picket fence around the mound.Haniwa art tells us much about early life in Japan
Q: Neolithic, Pre-Bronze Age Japanese Art
Answer: Prolific and accomplished potters;Early designs were simple cord patterns in relatively low relief;Figurines of the era depict similar, corded styling and knotting
Q: Trinity at Horyu-ji and the early T’ang style
Answer: Located within the Tachibana Shrine at Nara; Constructed of gilded bronze and housed in a wooden tabernacle, it consists of three major units-a flat base; a triptych for a background screen and the three main sculptural images which either sit or stand on lotuses that rise from a
Q: Tamamushi
Answer: An architectural model constructed of wood which is meant to enclose an image such as a painting.
Q: The Bauhaus Art School
Answer: Founded by architect Walter Gropius at Weimer, Germany in 1919.The basic course at the school consisted of training through art that A)involved all the sense, B) combined thinking and feeling and C) included problem solving through direct experience.The theories and curriculum developed at the school proved influential to the industrial design of many products including automobiles, tools, household appliances and furniture.
Q: Pre-Columbian Art
Answer: Art produced by various civilizations that existed in the Americas prior to Spanish conquest and colonization in the 16th century. Much existing art was destroyed during this time.The art primarily consists of masks, fabrics, vessels and similar artifacts that often depict animal and human forms. Snakes, condors and jaguars were frequent subjects and surviving renditions indicate that the artisans had a superior understanding of these creatures.
Q: The Origin and Style of Indian Pallava sculpture
Answer: Pallava has its origins in the Buddhist sculptures and stupas at Amaravati and was the predominant style of early medieval art in Southern India.Pallava figures exhibit a roundedness or curvaceous fluidity and are often depicted in exaggerated poses accentuating movement.
Q: Brief Historical summary of Chinese painting
Answer: The Chinese began painting as we know it in a modern sense more than 3000 years ago.Western museums have commonly preserved portable paintings, including screens, hanging scrolls, fans and albums.The most commonly used materials were pigments or colors, silk, paper, ink and brush.A substantial amount of Chinese art is a combination of painting and line drawing.Subject matter was quite often landscapes.Rivers, trees, animals, mountains, air and sky frequently possessed life-like qualities of movement.
Q: The Shang Dynasty
Answer: Developed a written language as well as hunting and agricultural techniques. Religion or at least certainly spirituality played a part in their society as well.The Shang expressed themselves artistically on practical objects such as axes, weapons, urns, kettles and other forms of pottery. They were prolific and accomplished Bronze artisans.
Q: The use of Jade in Chinese Art
Answer: No other culture is known to have worked jade for artistic purposed in such a consistent and unbroken tradition as the Chinese.The earliest jade objects recovered from China are tools and disks with central circular orifices but over the first 1000 years of carving the general artistic styles of the Shang and Chou dynasties effected an increased sophistication in style and subject matter.
Q: Encaustic
Answer: A mixture of powered pigment and hot wax; used in painting and sculpture.
Q: Contrapposto
Answer: The principle of weight shift in which the weight of the body rests on one leg.
Q: What is the Parthenon made of?
Answer: Marble
Q: What are 3 types of Columns used in Ancient Greek Culture?
Answer: 1. Doric2. Corinthian3. Ionic
Q: Geometric Art (Greek Art Style)
Answer: Pottery ornamented with geometric banding and friezes of simplified animals and humans
Q: Archaic Art (Greek Art Style)
Answer: Includes Kouros stone figures and vase painting
Q: Kouros (Greek Art Style)
Answer: (Nude male youth) Free-standing statues of human figures; frontal stance, left foot forward, clenched fists, and grimace know as “Archiac smile”
Q: Kore (Greek Art Style)
Answer: (Clorhed maiden) Free-standing statues of human figures; frontal stance, left foot forward, clenched fists, and grimace know as “Archiac smile”
Q: Severe Style (Greek Art Style)
Answer: Early phase of Classical sculpture characterized by reserved, remote expressions
Q: Classical Art (Greek Art Style)
Answer: Peak of Greek art and architecture, idealized figures exemplify order and harmony
Q: Hellenistic Art (Greek Art Style)
Answer: Greek-derived style, found in Asia Minor, Mesopotamia, Egypt; more melodramatic than Classical style
Q: Basilica
Answer: An oblong building with semicircular aspes on either end and high clerestory windows. Used as a meeting place in Roman times and widely imitated in Medieval Churches
Q: Tromp L’oeil
Answer: A style of painting which gives the appearance of 3-D or photographic realism
Q: Aspe
Answer: A large semicircular or polygonal recess in a church, arched or with a domed roof, typically at the eastern end and usually containing an alter.
Q: Barrel Vault
Answer: Deep arch forming a half-cylindrical roof
Q: Groin Vault
Answer: Two intersecting barrel vaults at the same height that form a right angle.
Q: Arch
Answer: A curved symmetrical structure spanning an opening and typically supporting the weight of a bridge, roof, or wall above it
Q: Vault
Answer: AN arched structure, usually made of stones, concrete, or bricks forming a ceiling or roof over a hall, room, sewer, or other wholly or partially enclosed construction; arched ceiling
Q: Dome
Answer: A vault having a circular plan and usually in the form of a portion of a sphere
Q: Tesserae
Answer: Mosaics made of bits of colored stone, glass, or shell
Q: What were the 3 styles of Art that emerged during the Middle Ages?
Answer: 1) Byzantine2)Romanesque3) Gothic
Q: Nave
Answer: Main part of church interior
Q: Flying Buttresses
Answer: Exterior masonry bridges supporting walls; External supports
Q: Ribbed Vault
Answer: Molded stone ribs covering seams of groin vaults
Q: Clerestory
Answer: Nave wall lit by windows
Q: Rose Window
Answer: Circular window filled with stained glass
Q: Tracery
Answer: Stone armature decorating windows
Q: What were the chief forms of decoration in Gothic Cathedrals?
Answer: Sculpture, Stained Glass and Tapestries
Q: Warp
Answer: Lengthwise threads; weaving
Q: What were the “breakthroughs” of the Renaissance?
Answer: The use of oil paint, perspective, Chiaroscuro, and pyramid configuration
Q: Linear Perspective
Answer: Created the optical effect of objects receding in the distance through lines that appear to converge at a single point in the picture known as the vanishing point
Q: Chiaroscuro
Answer: The distribution of light and shade in an artwork; “light/dark”
Q: Pyramid Configuration
Answer: A symmetrical composition that builds to a climax at the center
Q: Who was the founder of Early Renaissance Painting?
Answer: Masaccio
Q: Who laid the groundwork for 3-D realism during the Renaissance?
Answer: Donatello and Masaccio
Q: The Sistine Chapel was..
Answer: Created in less than 4 years with 340 Human figures incorporated by Michelangelo from 1508-1512
Q: What medium is used in the Sistine Chapel?
Answer: Fresco Painting
Q: Who helped establish oil on canvas as an acceptable medium during the Renaissance?
Answer: Titian
Q: Atmospheric Perspective
Answer: The increasingly hazy appearance of objects farthest from the viewer
Q: Italian Renaissance Art
Answer: Specialty: Ideal BeautyStyle: Simplified forms, measured proportionsSubjects: Religious and mythological scenesFigures: Heroic male nudesPortraits: Formal, reservedTechnique: Fresco, Tempera, and Oil paintingsEmphasis: Underlying anatomical StructureBasis of Art: TheoryComposition: Static, balanced
Q: Northern Renaissance Art
Answer: Specialty: Intense RealismStyle: Lifelike features, unflattering honestySubjects: Religious and domestic scenesFigures: Prosperous citizens, peasantsPortraits: Reveal individual personalityTechnique: Oil paintings on wood panelsEmphasis: Visible appearanceBasis of Art: ObservationComposition: Complex, irregular
Q: Who invented Oil Painting?
Answer: Hubert Van Eyck
Q: What artist from the Renaissance helped influence the work of Surrealist Artists during the 20th Century?
Answer: Dutch painter, Hieronymous Bosch
Q: Who was the first to use Printmaking as a medium during the Renaissance?
Answer: Albrecht Durer
Q: Juxtaposition
Answer: The act or an instance of placing close together or side-by-side, especially for comparison or contrast
Q: How would the Baroque style be described?
Answer: Theatrical, dramatic and emotional
Q: During what Art Period did the “Still-Life” painting genre begin?
Answer: Baroque (Dutch)
Q: Who established landscapes as an acceptable subject matter?
Answer: The Dutch during the Baroque Art Period
Q: Alla Prima
Answer: At first attempt; wet-on-wet
Q: Impasto
Answer: A thick application of paint that makes no attempt to look smooth
Q: Camera Obscura
Answer: A dark box with a pinhole opening that could project an image of an object or scene to be traced on a sheet of paper
Q: Renaissance and Baroque Artists
Answer: Bellini, Bosch, Botticelli, Bruegel, Canaletto, Caravaggio, Carracci, Claude, Correggio, Durer, El Greco, Giorgione, Hals, Holbein, La Tour, Leonardo, Masaccio, Michelangelo, Poussin, Raphael, Rembrandt, Reni, Rubens, Tiepolo, Tintoretto, Titian, Van Dyck, Van Eyck, Velazquez, Vermeer, Veronese, Zurbardn
Q: Motif
Answer: A distinctive and reoccurring form, shape, figure, subject, theme, idea etc. in a literary, artistic, or musical work
Q: Frieze
Answer: A sculptured or richly ornamented band ( as on a building or piece of furniture)
Q: David, “Oath of the Horatii”, 1784
Answer: Information, ideas, or rumors deliberately spread widely to help or harm a person, group, movement, institution, nation, etc.
Q: Propaganda
Answer: Auguste Dominique Ingres
Q: What artist from the Neoclassical Art Period influenced the work of Picasso, Matisse, and Degas?
Answer: The reclining, or recumbent, female nude; Harem girl
Q: Odalisque
Answer: “Age of Reason”Values: Order, solemnityTone: Calm, rationalSubjects: Greek and Roman History, mythologyTechnique: Stressed drawing with lines, not color; no trace of brushstrokesRole of Art: Morally uplifting, inspirationalFounder: David
Q: Neoclassicism
Answer: “Age of Sensibility”Values: Intuition, emotion, imaginationInspiration: Medieval and Baroque Eras, Middle and Far EastTone: Subjective, spontaneous, nonconformistColor: Unrestrained; deep, rich shadesSubjects: Legends, exotica, nature, violenceGenres: Narratives of heroic struggle, landscapes, wild animalsTechnique: Quick brushstrokes, strong light and shade contrastsComposition: Use of diagonal
Q: Romanticism
Answer: A public declaration of the intentions, motives, or views of an artist or artistic movement
Q: Manifesto
Answer: Any building with a circular ground plain, and sometimes covered by a dome or a round room within a building
Q: Rotunda
Answer: Thomas Jefferson
Q: Who is responsible for the popularity of the Neoclassic style in America?
Answer: Francisco de Goya
Q: During the 19th Century, what artist is not defined by a specific art category?
Answer: The quality of having a grim or ghastly atmosphere; works emphasize the details and symbols of death
Q: Macabre
Answer: Nature and the natural man
Q: What two subjects encompassed the American Romantic Paintings?
Answer: The Hudson River School in 1825
Q: What was the first American School of Painting?
Answer: A 19th Century American belief that the spread of the U.S. across the continent was inevitable
Q: Manifest Destiny
Answer: Thomas Cole, Asher B. Durand, John F. Kensett, Thomas Doughty, Frederic Edwin Church, Albert Bierstadt, George Caleb Bingham
Q: 19th Century American Romanticism Artists
Answer: Gustave Courbet
Q: Who is the “father of the Realist movement”?
Answer: American Realism by Winslow Homer
Q: In what Art Period were watercolors first displayed as finished works?
Answer: A transverse section, of any building, which lies across the main body of the building
Q: Transept
Answer: The Eiffel Tower, 1889
Q: What is the “greatest marvel of engineering and construction” from the Industrial Age?
Answer: Architects: Antonio Gaudi, Victor HortaIllustrator: Aubrey BeardsleyGlass-Work: Louis Comfort Tiffany
Q: Art Nouveau Artists
Answer: French Chemist Nicephore Niepce in 1826
Q: Who is credited with the creation of the first Photograph?
Answer: Louis J.M. Daguerre in 1839
Q: Who is credited with taking the very first photograph of a human being?
Answer: William Henry Fox Talbot
Q: Who invented the Photo Negative?
Answer: A photograph taken by an early photographic process employing an iodine-sensitized silvered plate and mercury vapor; invented in 1837
Q: Daguerreotypes
Answer: A photographic process, commonly used during the 19th century, employing a glass photographic plate coated with iodized collodion and dipped in a silver nitrate solution immediately before use; created in 1851, reduced exposure time to seconds
Q: Wet-Plate Process
Answer: Also known as Melainotype or Ferrotype; A glass photographic plate coated with a sensitive emulsion of silver bromide and silver iodine in gelatin
Q: Tintype
Answer: A light-sensitive coating on paper or film; consists of fine grains of silver bromide suspended in gelatin
Q: Photographic Emulsion
Answer: Instant photographs replaced Daguerreotypes
Q: What changed with the Photographic process in 1858?
Answer: Portable, hand-held cameras and roll film took over
Q: What changed with the Photographic process in the 1880’s?
Answer: Matthew Brady (War Photographer);Jacob Riis (Documentary Photography);Nadar (Portrait Photography);Julia Margaret Cameron (Art Photography)
Q: Who were the Early Pioneers of Photography?
Answer: Impressionism
Q: What movement is considered to be the first total artistic revolution since the renaissance?
Answer: Impressionism rejected Renaissance perspective, balanced composition, idealized figures and chiaroscuro
Q: How is Impressionism different from the Renaissance?
Answer: The placement or arrangement of visual elements or ingredients in a work of art, as distinct from the subject of a work
Q: Composition
Answer: Edouard Manet, 1832-1883
Q: Who is the “Father of Modern Art”?
Answer: Any artist, group, or style which is considered to be significantly ahead of the majority in its technique, subject matter, or application
Q: Avante Garde
Answer: One of a pair of primary or secondary colors opposed to the other member of the pair on the color wheel
Q: Complimentary Color
Answer: The phenomenon which occurs when small particles of different colors are mixed in the eye; based on light primaries
Q: Optical Mixture
Answer: Sharp Style
Q: Maniere Aigre
Answer: Degas
Q: What artist was the first to exhibit a finished piece in Pastels?
Answer: Rodin
Q: Who is considered the first modern sculptor?
Answer: The technique of applying confetti-sized dots of pure, unmixed color over the whole canvas
Q: Pointillism
Answer: Toulouse-Lautrec
Q: Who made contributions to Lithography and Poster Art during the Post-Impressionism Movement?
Answer: Japanese Prints
Q: What influenced Impressionism and Post-Impressionism?
Answer: Henri Rousseau
Q: Who is coined as “the Grandfather of 20th Century Painting?”
Answer: Of or relating to an architectural style originating in France in the late 19th Century and characterized by classical forms, symmetry, rich ornamentation and a grand scale
Q: Beaux-Arts Style
Answer: 1880’s
Q: When was the invention of the elevator perfected?
Answer: Louis Sullivan, Richard Morris Hunt, “McKim, Mead, and White”(firm), Dankmar Adler (Sullivan’s partner), Frank Lloyd Wright
Q: 19th Century Architects
Answer: 1883
Q: When was the Brooklyn Bridge Completed?
Answer: NYC’s Equitable Building, 1871
Q: What was the first Skyscraper?
Answer: Louis Sullivan
Q: Who is credited wiht the invention of the skyscraper?
Answer: Philosophy of rejecting the past; Radical freedom of expression; stressed private concerns, experiences, and imagination of artists; Art moved towards abstraction-where line, form and color dominate
Q: Modernism
Answer: Paris, France
Q: Where did Fauvism, Cubism and Surrealism orignate
Answer: Fauvism (1904-1908)
Q: What is considered the first major Avante-Garde Art Movement of the 20th Century?
Answer: A style of painting with vivid expressionistic and non-naturalistic use of color; A movement that produced what are considered to be some of the most vivid, energetic and colorful images of the 20th century; It emphasized the formal aspects of image creation of traditional subjects but the artists employed color controlled composition and drawing techniques, often with no regard for the illusions of space and depth
Q: Fauvism
Answer: Non-European Tribal Arts
Q: What Influenced Fauvism?
Answer: Braque and Picasso
Q: Who are considered the Founders of Cubism?
Answer: Constantin Brancusi
Q: Who is the greatest Modern sculptor of the 20th Century?
Answer: A sinuous, spiraling, undulating, or serpentine line or linear motif; sinuously curved line
Q: Arabesque
Answer: A form of sculpture comprised of “found” objects arranged in such a way that hey create a piece
Q: Assemblage
Answer: African Art and the work of Cezanne
Q: What influenced Picasso?
Answer: Representing the most perfect or typical example of a quality or class
Q: Quintessential
Answer: Picasso and Braque
Q: Who invented the art form known as “Collage”?
Answer: The state of having mixed feelings or contradictory ideas about something or someone
Q: Ambivalence
Answer: This movement is considered a major turning point for 20th Century Art
Q: Cubism
Answer: Movement
Q: What is the “key” to Futurist Art?
Answer: Umberto Boccioni
Q: Who was the leading artist of the Futurism movement?
Answer: 1) Futurism (Italy)2) Constructivism (Russia)3) Precisionism (U.S.)
Q: What are the three movements under Modernism?
Answer: Shapes
Q: What did Constructivist borrow from Cubism?
Answer: Multiple overlapping images
Q: What did Constuctivist adopt from Futurism?
Answer: Vladimir Tatlin
Q: Who originated Russian Geometric Art?
Answer: James Ensor, Gustave Klimt, Egon Schiele, Oscar Kokoschka
Q: Who continued Expressionism into the 20th Century?
Answer: The Graphic Arts, especially woodcuts (Printmaking)
Q: What medium did Expressionism revive?
Answer: Tribal and oceanic art
Q: What influenced Expressionism?
Answer: A group of people leading the way in new developments or ideas
Q: Vanguard
Answer: Kandinsky around 1910
Q: Who created Abstract Art?
Answer: 1) Compositions: In which he consciously arranged geometric shapes2) Improvisations: Where he exerted no concious control over the paint he applied spontaneously
Q: What were Kandinsky’s two types of Painting?
Answer: Where vertical lines (meant to represent vitality) connect to form a right angle with horizontal lines (meant to represent tranquility); concept by Piet Mondrian
Q: Dynamic Equilibrium
Answer: Because he opposed the cult of subjective feeling
Q: Why is Piet Mondrian important in Art History?
Answer: Modernist Architecture
Q: What is the International Style?
Answer: Walter Gropius, Mies Van der Rohe, Le Corbusier
Q: Who were The International Style Artists?
Answer: High-tech, Clean design
Q: What was the goal of the International Style?
Answer: Cathedral Ceilings, Carports, Casement windows, Built-in furniture and lighting, the massive fireplace and split-level ranches
Q: What were Frank Lloyd Wrights contributions to Modernist Architecture/The International Style?
Answer: The concept of flowing space along with clean-cut rectangular shapes radiating from a central core
Q: What concept did The International Style Architects borrow from Frank Lloyd Wright?
Answer: A form of creating without conscious control
Q: Automatism
Answer: 1) Improvised Art (Distance from Conscious Control)2) Realistic Techniques to present hallucinatory scenes defying common sense
Q: What are the two forms of Surrealism?
Answer: A new method for generating surprising imagery which consisted of rubbing with graphite over wood or similar surfaces; invented by Max Ernst
Q: Frottage
Answer: Based on exploiting his own neuroses; used by Salvador Dali
Q: Critical Paranoia Technique
Answer: Taut compositions and pure form
Q: Modernist Photographers focused on what?
Answer: Man Ray ( Dadaism/Surrealism), Eugene Atget, Edward Weston, Stieglitz, Dorothea Lange, Henri Cartier-Bresson
Q: Modernist Photographers
Answer: Method where objects are placed on photo-sensitive paper, then exposed to light; Created by Man Ray
Q: Myographs
Answer: Eugene Atget
Q: Who is the “Father of Modern Photography”?
Answer: George Luks, John Sloan, William Glackens, Everett Shin, George Bellows
Q: Ashcan School Artists
Answer: It marked both the subject and the style of the school
Q: What did Dynamtic Energy do for the Ashcan School?
Answer: The American Scene School (Regionalism) and Social Realism
Q: What two forms of Realism emerged during the Depression?
Answer: Simple-folk, reacted against the growing of Abstract Art and tried to stir up either pride or protest
Q: What did The American Scene School and Social Realism portray?
Answer: Thomas Hart Benton, John Steuart Curry, Grant Wood
Q: American Scene Painters
Answer: The Works Progress Administration; Employed millions to carry out public work projects, including public buildings and road construction
Q: WPA
Answer: Ben Shahn, Reginald Marsh, Jacob Lawrence, Jose Orozco, David Siqueiros, Diego Rivera
Q: Social Realist Artists
Answer: Artists were deeply committed to social shange. Attacked Capitalism in a semi-realistic style that exaggerated features, color and scale for emotional impact
Q: Social Realism
Answer: Art as the active process of creating it
Q: Happening
Answer: Action painting or the New York School
Q: What else is Abstract Expressionism referred to as?
Answer: Image not a result of a preconceived idea, but of the creative process
Q: Abstract Expressionism Theory
Answer: The arrangement of parts or elements in a pattern or form
Q: Configuration
Answer: A style of Abstract Expressionism painting in which paint is randomly splashed, thrown, or poured onto the canvas
Q: Action Painting
Answer: A dense network of fluid, interlacing lines; Jackson Pollock
Q: Drip Paintings
Answer: Emotional expression through Abstraction
Q: What did Jackson Pollock contribute to the Art world?
Answer: “Woman” Series
Q: Which of William De Kooning’s series was compared to the Venus of Willendorf?
Answer: Repulsion/attraction of certain colors; Hans Hofmann
Q: Push/Pull Theory
Answer: All the colors of a single hue (tints, tones, and shades)
Q: Monochromatic
Answer: Work outside the mainstream of professional Art, produced by self-taught, inwardly driven artists
Q: Outsider Art
Answer: Simon Rodia, Adolf Wolfli, Jimmie Lee Suddath
Q: Outsider Artists
Answer: Sculpture in motion; Alexander Calder
Q: Mobiles
Answer: Anglo-Saxon, sumerian and Pre-Colombian artifacts
Q: What influenced the work of Post-War Sculptor Henry Moore?
Answer: Non-moving steel structures whose intersecting planes spring from the ground on tiny points; Alexander Calder
Q: Stabiles
Answer: Method where vast expanses or “fields” of color become the focal point
Q: Color Field Painting
Answer: The overlapping fans of color produced by pouring pigment down vertically placed canvases
Q: Veil Painting
Answer: A method allowing oil or acrylic paint that has been thinned with Turpentine to be poured over the canvas and absorbed into the fabric
Q: Stain Painting
Answer: Liberal Arts Experimental College located near Asheville, NC, the College was open from 1933-1957
Q: Black Mountain College
Answer: Fast-drying acrylic paint and masking tape
Q: What materials do Hard-Edge Painters use?
Answer: Frank Stella, born 1936
Q: Who is considered one of the most original contemporary artists?
Answer: Half painting, half sculpture; created by Robert Rauschenberg
Q: Combines
Answer: The use of pre-existing objects or images with little or no transformation applied to them; the intentional borrowing, copying and alteration of pre-existing images or objects
Q: Appropriation
Answer: Rauschenberg Overseas Culture Interchange;A self-funded crusade by Rauschenberg to promote peace through art
Q: ROCI
Answer: Movement during the 1960’s in which artists create works based/influenced by popular culture
Q: Pop Art
Answer: By making art out of daily life
Q: How did Andy Warhol make art available to the masses?
Answer: Donald Judd, Carl Andre, Dan Flavin, Sol Lewitt, Robert Morris, Richard Serra
Q: Minimalist Artist
Answer: Locale: U.S., 1960-1970’sForm: Abstract, geometric modulesLook: Clean, Bare, SimpleTechnique: Macbine-modeMeaning: You be the judge
Q: Minimalism
Answer: The idea rather than the final product is considered art
Q: Conceptual Art
Answer: Color, ornament and historical touches (dome, arch, vault)
Q: What did Post-Modernism revive in Contemporary Architecture?
Answer: I. M. Pei, Philip Johnson, John Burgee, Michael Graves, Frank O. Gehry, Robert Venturi, John Rausch
Q: Contemporary Architects
Answer: Columned pavilion
Q: Stoa
Answer: Open meeting area
Q: Agora
Answer: Diversity
Q: What is the most important trait of contemporary photography?
Answer: (Late Modernism-Post-Modernism)Bernice Abbott, Margaret Bourke-White, Alfred Eisenstaedt, Robert Capa, Ansel Adams, Jerry Uelsmann
Q: Contemporary Photographers
Answer: Refers to the attempt to depict a scene/subject in sharp focus and detail
Q: Straight Photography
Answer: Diane Arbus, Robert Frank, Bruce Davidson, Gary Winogrand, Lee Friedlander, Joel Meverowitz
Q: Street Photographers
Answer: Richard Estes, Don Eddy, Audrey Flack, Chuck Close
Q: Photo-Realism Photographers
Answer: A large and important work of art, music, or literature, especially one regarded as the most important work of an artist or writer
Q: Magnum Opus
Answer: Scribbled words or doodles on walls/buildings; Street Art
Q: Graffiti
Answer: Mario Merz, Mark di Suvero, John Chamberland, Cesar, Alfredo Jaar, Judy Pfaff, Martin Puryear, Nancy Graves, Kiki Smith
Q: Post-Modern Sculptors
Answer: Poor Art
Q: Arte Povera
Answer: German Renaissance; Holbein
Q: Virtuoso Technique
Answer: California Artist who founded Funk Art with intentionally vulgar ceramic busts
Q: Robert Arneson
Answer: Born 1959; Known for abstract wall sculptures, thickly encrusted with paint
Q: Ashley Bickerton
Answer: Born 1949; Paints large scale abstractions with subtle variations in color and pattern
Q: Ross Bleckner
Answer: French Conceptual artist specializing in installations
Q: Christian Boltanski
Answer: Born 1942; Creates large, mixed-media installations of painting, sculpture, text, video and found objects
Q: Jonathan Borofsky
Answer: French artist known for narrative photo-sequences
Q: Sophie Calle
Answer: Paints Pop images like tools, robes, hearts
Q: Jim Dine
Answer: Born 1954; Explores flesh and the body in sculptures made of wax and human hair
Q: Robert Gober
Answer: Includes David Wojnarowicz, 1954-1992; Two activist artists’ collectives dealing with issues relating to AIDS
Q: Group Material and Gran Fury
Answer: Left wing artists’ collective that produces posters protesting censorship, sexism (ex: Mona Lisa with fig leaf covering mouth)
Q: Guerrilla Girls
Answer: Combines moving mechanical parts in feminist installations
Q: Rebecca Horn
Answer: German Neo-Expressionist obsessed with socio-political issues
Q: Jorg Immendorff
Answer: Radically stylizes imagery in clean, figurative paintings
Q: Alex Katz
Answer: Born 1954; Signature work: bedraggled stuffed animals and dolls
Q: Mike Kelley
Answer: Born 1941; Conceptual artist known for wax-cast heads and video installations
Q: Bruce Nauman
Answer: “father” of video art
Q: Nam June Paik
Answer: Born 1937; Quirky New Mexico architect who reveres landscape and site
Q: Antoine Predock
Answer: Born 1955; Kids of Survival; Collaboration between artist and South Bronx teenagers who paint on pages of books
Q: Tim Rollins and K.O.S.
Answer: Born 1949; Appropriation artist who invented “re-photography,” or making photographs of photographs; also does silk screen paintings of cartoons
Q: Richard Prince
Answer: Born 1936; Creates surreal images by altering photographs
Q: Lucas Samaras
Answer: Born 1926; Feminist artist who layers visual images and written language
Q: Nancy Spero
Answer: Born 1961; Manipulate, deface, recombine photographs
Q: Dough and Mike Starn (The Starn Twins)
Answer: Born 1940; Known for abstract streams of paint inspiried by waterfalls
Q: Patsteir
Answer: Born 1955; Does abstract paintings composed of Byzantine patterns
Q: Philip Taaffe
Answer: Born 1953; Combines oddly lit, blurred black and white photos with text (ex: “I sided with men so long I forgot women had a side.”)
Q: Carrie Mae Weems
Answer: Paints organic forms in earthy colors
Q: Terry Winters (Born 1949)
Answer: A monumental pile of earth or other material, In memory of Budda or a Buddhist saint, and commemorating some event or marking a sacred spot.
Q: Stupa
Answer: The imitation of wood carved in stone.
Q: What characteristics were present in Buddhist sculpture during the Shunga period?
Answer: Numerous stone memorial columns depicting important events of Budda’s life constructed of sandstone in a Persian-influenced style.
Q: Describe works that were produced under the reign of Emperor Ashoka in the 6th century BC, following his conversion to Buddhism?
Answer: Dating to the 6th or 7th Century AD, this sculpture stylistically departs from “prettiness” and “sensuality” which correlates with the conservative doctrine of Hinayana Buddhism.
Q: Why is the seated Budda at Anuradhapura, Ceylon considered one of the most renowned representations of Budda in history?
Answer: The image demonstrates Classical as well as Indian elements and was developed under a foreign dynasty-The Kushan
Q: What are the origins of the Classic Buddha image?
Answer: The Indus Valley of Northwest India;Functional sculpture is considered to be the predominant art form, very formal or naturalistic works in sandstone, copper, and limestone discovered
Q: What is considered to be one of the earliest archaeological sites in Asia where art has been recovered and what has been learned from it?
Answer: Rock relief sculptures, metalwork, textiles, bronzes and ornate woven silks
Q: What contributions to Persian art and architecture occurred during the 3rd-7th century Sasanian Dynasty?
Answer: “Garden of Earthly Delights”The entire depiction is quite fanciful and imaginative yet no agreement has been made regarding it’s true meaning.
Q: What is one of the last great pre-Renaissance paintings by Jerome Bosch?
Answer: Credited as the inventor of modern oil painting;”The Arnolfini Marriage”,”A Man in a Turban”-1433,”Cardinal Albergati”,”The Madonna with Chancellor Rolin”
Q: What is Jan Van Eyck known for and what are some of his works?
Answer: Work from this period often contains symbolic meaning in naturalistic forms. Fruits, plants, furniture and buildings were routinely imbued with religious significance. Fine detail, accurate distance, depth and obscure symbolism is present in Van Eyck’s “The Madonna with Canon Van der Paele”
Q: What characterizes the New Realism of early Netherlandish art from the late 14th and early 15th centuries?
Answer: Jan Van Eyck developed a method of mixing Bruges White Varnish Turpentine with linseed oil and raw pigments in 1420
Q: What Flemish painter created oil painting?
Answer: Giotto di Bondone is primarily responsible for the introduction of the illlusionary pictorial space; he is said to be responsible for “translating the art of painting from Greek to Latin”; Giotto mastered the ability to render in the 3rd dimension
Q: Who is considered to be one of the most innovative painters and architects of the early Italian Painters and why?
Answer: A type of courtly painting during the late 14th- mid 15th centuries; Decorative style combined with rich colors and gold decoration, spatially illogical yet naturalistic in details.
Q: What is the style of “International Gothic”?
Answer: Gentile da Fabriano, “Adoration of the Magi”, 1423;Pisanello, “St. George and the Princess”, 1435Stefano Da Verona, “The Virgin in a Rose Garden”;The Limbourg Brothers, “Les Tres Riches Heures du Duc de Berri”, 1413-1415
Q: Who are some of the International Gothic artists?
Answer: Duccio di Buoninsegna; Master of perspective and his ability to render in the 3rd dimension; best known for his two-sided Maesta or masterpiece adorning the high alter of the Siena Cathedral (1308-1311), the front is a rendition of “The Virgin and Child Enthroned”, the back has 26 scenes showing the Passion and Resurrection of Christ.
Q: Who is the greatest Italian painter of the Sienese School during the 13th century?
Answer: Illustration; Examples of his work include: “Lives of the Saints” series, “Martyrdom of St. Alban” from “The life of St. Alban”, circa 1240
Q: What contributions did artist Matthew Paris make to the English art world?
Answer: Believed to work in both illumination and stained glass; to distinguish his style, he frequently included odd details and embellished religious themes with a strongly secular tone
Q: What contributions did illuminator W. de Brailes make to the English art world during the 13th century?
Answer: Romanesque traditions persisted longer in Italy than in the north. Statues in niches or small scale reliefs overlaying wall surfaces were common along with delicate relief carvings. Italian Gothics were church furniture builders.Basic architectural church styles varied from France to Italy:French churches included end walls of the nave and transepts and usually housed large stained glass displays.Italian churches had small windows, leaving room for painting
Q: Italian Gothic Style vs. Style of Northern Europe
Answer: Rising popularity in Christianity influenced the evolution of this style. The intent was to embellish traditional Christian themes with greater emotional appeal for private devotees. Faces are stylized in over-accentuated grief and Christ’s wounds are inflated for effect. Realism was somewhat abandoned in order to maximize emotional impact
Q: What was the development and artistic intent of Gothic sculpture?
Answer: Maximizing height and translucency were a primary concern. Tall structures were constructed in skeletal fashion to minimize the detracting bulk of supports.
Q: What is “High Gothic” style?
Answer: Considered the last great Italian artist of the Byzantine Style & the 1st “modern times” painter. He closely followed the formal style of the Byzantine Tradition but he tended to embellish his paintings with a stylized, abstract uniqueness.
Q: What contributions did German painter Cimabue make to the art world?
Answer: This arose as part of an increased urbanization of northern France. Gothic cathedrals were lavishly constructed inside and out, including rows of sculptures honoring various figures and sculptured scenes illustrating the history and doctrine of the Christian faith.
Q: What is considered to be the Gothic Style during 12th Century Europe?
Answer: Transition from Romanesque to Gothic; More naturalistic treatment of space and volume characterstics of the human body. Stained glass became a popular medium.
Q: What characterizes Germanic artistic tradtion of the 11th and 12th centuries?
Answer: English books and illuminators began appearing in mainland Europe. English style influenced painting at the abbey of St. Bertin at Saint Omer and at other schools such as those in Burgundy. The Cluniacs Monestary painted in an Italo-Byzantine style while the Cistercians Monestary adopted more of a satirical Norman form.
Q: How was 11th and 12th century French painting influenced by the English?
Answer: By Norman abbotts and monks during the Norman conquest. Illuminated initials consisting of foliage containing human and animal figures became present along with the Viking influence of transforming human and animal forms into abstract patterns.
Q: How was the Romanesque style introduced to England during the 11th century?
Answer: Northern Italian artistic styles became influential yet local tradtions based on Muslim and Christian art persisted despite outside influence- known as “Mozarabic” style.Wall fresco paintings became very popular during this period.
Q: In Spain during the 12th and 13th centuries, what had impact on the visual arts?
Answer: Most were constructed for defense, although there are some exceptions. The Order of Teutonic Knights are known for combining the functions of defense, palace and monastery into a single complex.Ex. of Teutonic Castle: Marienburg, 1274-1280
Q: What was the purpose of castle constructions in the 13th century?
Answer: It is considered to be the finest production from the Reichenau monastery and a great medieval masterpiece
Q: Why is the Gospel Book of Otto III important?
Answer: Hiberno-Saxon of Lindisfarne, Monkwearmouth and Jarrow
Q: What monasteries existed during the Middle Ages in Northumbria (region of northeast Britian)?
Answer: A tall, slender form adorned in exquisitely decorated clothing became fashionable, as did small feet and faces, long spindly fingers and large haunting eyes fixed in an everlasting gaze
Q: How did the ideal of the human form and clothing change during the 6th century?
Answer: A significant amount of Byzantine art was created in both Constantinople and Ravenna. During attacks most of the work created in Constantinople was destroyed, leaving Ravenna to house most of the remaining Byzantine-era art.
Q: Why is Ravenna, Italy significant to Byzantine-era art?
Answer: Mostly abstract in form, low relief ornamental sculpture became popular. Tomb enclosure slabs decorated in geometric patterns and stylized animal reliefs were also common. A substantial amount of work appears to be inspired by imported textiles and oriental influence.
Q: What was sculpture like during the Byzantine period?
Answer: Architecture, sculpture, painting and mosaics all bore distinctive characteristics of this era. Highly stylized, richer apperances, ornate, multi-colored clothing with geometric designs, hair styles, facial features and slender bodily form.
Q: What characterizes the Byzantine style?
Answer: Very popular art form which seems to be inspired by Greek Hellenism. Almost always associated with architecture and often displayed on or near arches, cupolas and in various places within basilicas, baptisteries and mausoleums
Q: What is the style and form of 3rd and 4th century Christian mosaic art?
Answer: Much of the art has been found in the sculptural and pictorial decorations of tombs, catacombs, crypts and other burial places which is a good indication of the artists’ fascination more with future expectation than with rendering contemporary life.
Q: What characterized early Christian art in the last centuries of the Roman Empire?
Answer: Strong walls and vaults exemplified the style. Both internal and external walls were articulated by increased degrees through projections, niches and blind arcades. Architects experimented with round and pointed tunnel vaults, square and rectangular groin vaults and domical vaults. Mostly constructed of freestone or marble, brick and wood were also utilized.
Q: What characterizes Romanesque architecture?
Answer: Detailed realism then moving towards an expressionistic style, altering facial expression and features to emphasize the experience and character of the subject.
Q: What was the style of Roman portraiture?
Answer: Architecture was on a larger scale, new methods for construction were invented including composite capitals, bracket cornices such as those found on temples, arches and domes. New materials were introduced such as brick, cast masonary(mortar and rubble) and marble. First to construct aqueducts and bridges
Q: What characteristics distinguished the Roman style?
Answer: The “Nike of Samothrace”: depicts the Goddess Nike immediately upon her descent to the front of a shipThe “Laocoon Group”: Agesander, Athenodorus and Polydorus of Rhodes sculpted to depict a strong sense of tragedy
Q: What are two of the more famous Greek sculptures from the 2nd century BC?
Answer: Established in the late 7th century BC; marked by 3 main divisions which include the stepped platform, the columns and the entablature, defined as all the elements that rest on the columnsex: Artemis at Corfu
Q: Doric Order
Answer: 3 main divisions, differs in style of doric by entablature and column design. Capitals of ionic columns tend to be much more ornate with a curved volute and tapered shaft.
Q: Ionic Order
Answer: Exhibits the more ornate and largest capital of the 3 orders, marked by the shape of an inverted bell covered in the shoots and leaves of an acanthus plant; replaced ionic captials beginning 334BC
Q: Corinthian Order
Answer: Greek Archaic period, approximately 19″ attic black amphora discoverd in Vulci
Q: Herakles Strangling the Nemean Lion
Answer: Greek Archaic period, 12″ Kylix dated around 540 BC
Q: Dionysis in a Boat
Answer: Greek Archaic period, a kylix depicting the warrior slaying of the centaur
Q: Lapith and Centaur
Answer: Greek Archaic period, c. 650 BC, limestone rendition of a female in a dress with her right hand over her chest
Q: Female Figure
Answer: Greek Archaic period, 6 foot tall marble statue depicting a nude youth in his physical prime thought to date from approximately 600 BC
Q: Standing Youth
Answer: Greek Archaic period, 65″, 570 BC marble statue of a smiling herdsman with a calf draped over his shoulders
Q: Calf Bearer
Answer: Greek Archaic period, 11.5″ marble head dated from approximately 560 BC exhibiting ornately braided beard and hair
Q: The Rampin Head
Answer: Greek Archaic period, 7 standing columns are all that remains of this architectural wonder that formed the basis for many subsequent works
Q: The limestone temple of Apollo at Corinth
Answer: Emerged during the 7th century BC, infused every aspect of Greek art with a renewed freshness and freedom of expression.
Q: Archaic Greek Style
Answer: “Temple of Poseidon”, best preserved Greek temple. 6 columns wide and 4 columns long
Q: The Paestum
Answer: c. 470-450 BC, constructed of stucco limestone, consists of 6 columns wide by 13 columns long. Considered the academic pinnacle of the Doric order
Q: Olympia
Answer: Softly swelling cheeks and large, over sized eyes are trademark. Known for their additive work also.
Q: What are characteristics of Sumerian Art?
Answer: A technique first perfect in ancient Egypt. Involving the firing and glazing of terra-cotta to produce a permanent material that has a luxurious quality. Typically blue or green in color. Small works including beads, jewelry, collarettes, bowls, funerary statuettes, tiles and small figurines were created .
Q: Faience
Answer: Notable for its exquisite realism, shifted from the rigidity of the past to a more relaxed expressiveness.
Q: Akhenaten Style of Egyptian Art
Answer: Located inside the Lascaux Cave. Discovered in 1940
Q: The Altamira Bison
Answer: Limestone Gravettian scultpure, 4″ high. Depiction of fertility and prosperity-essentially a nude, well-fed woman with large, full breasts.
Q: The Venus of Willendorf
Answer: Element of Design; Defines the outline or edge of objects and helps express movement and mass. Enables attention to be placed on surface quality rather than outline through the use of gradations of shading with accents.
Q: Line
Answer: Process of careful selection and deliberate omission in order to both clarify and define subject matter.
Q: Contour Drawing
Answer: Enables the capture of expressive gesture, suggesting feelings and temperament more emotionally.
Q: Calligraphic Drawing
Answer: The fundamental component of line, divided into 3 groups: contour, calligraphic and tonal
Q: What is the field of drawing based upon?
Answer: The first firing of clay in a kiln and the point at which water can no longer be added
Q: Bisque
Answer: Used to describe the shaping, finishing and firing of clay
Q: Ceramics
Answer: The laying of long strands of clay on top of one another
Q: Coil Method
Answer: A type of “low fire” clay needing to be glazed; porous and non-water-proof
Q: Earthenware
Answer: Process of heating clay at high temperatures to fuse its particles
Q: Firing
Answer: Hardened but un-fired clay; can be made wet and turned back into a usable material
Q: Greenware
Answer: The oven or furnace used to fire ceramics; can be electric, of natural gas, wood, coal, fuel oil or propane, the kiln is the furnace used to fire ceramics or metal
Q: Kiln
Answer: A process whereby an artist forms a pot by pinching the clay to create a center opening
Q: Pinch Pots
Answer: Clay slabs are cut into shape, and joined together with scoring and wet clay called slip
Q: Slab Built
Answer: Sturdier then earthenware, stoneware is waterproof even without being glazed
Q: Stoneware
Answer: Commonly used for ceramic sculpture, it is a brownish-orange earthenware clay.
Q: Terra Cotta
Answer: The process of spinning clay on a potters wheel
Q: Wheel Thrown
Answer: Light, texture, shape, line, space, value
Q: Visual Art Elements of Design
Answer: Element of Design; The sensation or representation of light or a source of it; illumination or the awareness of it within a work.
Q: Light
Answer: Element of Design; The “feel” or surface quality of an object such as its relative “smoothness”, “roughness”, “softness”, etc,; May be simulated or actual; the latter can be felt by touch while the former is a suggestion by the artist based upon how certain areas of the picture are painted.
Q: Texture
Answer: Element of Design; An enclosed space defined by other elements such as texture, color, value and line; can be 3-dimensional quality represented using 2-dimensional rendering techniques for length and width.
Q: Shape
Answer: Element of Design; A mark that has length and direction; often used to define a space or silhouette, create an outline, contour, pattern or movement
Q: Line
Answer: Element of Design; Refers to the distance or area around, above, between, below or within something; can be flat, shallow, deep, open, closed, positive, negative, actual, ambiguous or illusory
Q: Space
Answer: Element of Design; Refers to the relative lightness or darkness of a color
Q: Value
Answer: The part of the scene intended to be the most distant from the perspective of the viewer
Q: Background
Answer: The part of the scene intended to be nearest the viewer
Q: Foreground
Answer: The line where sky and earth meet; also referred to as “ground line”
Q: Horizon
Answer: A view of a section of country-applicable to outdoor scenes only
Q: Landscape
Answer: The area between the foreground and the most distant part of a scene
Q: Middle Ground
Answer: Lines that are painted straight up and down
Q: Vertical Lines
Answer: Lines that are painted across the picture (90 degrees from straight up and down)
Q: Horizontal lines
Answer: The angle from which the viewer is observing the work
Q: Point-of-View
Answer: The space behind and around an object; in 2-dimensional art it is often synonymous with background
Q: Negative Space
Answer: Occurs when one object partially covers another; usually done for compositional purposes
Q: Overlapping
Answer: The arrangement of the elements of a picture
Q: Design
Answer: “Fine Spray”; Also known as “Iris” prints, created with high performance digital inkjet printers that produce more than 4 million water-based ink droplets per second through 4 tiny jets
Q: Giclee
Answer: Principle of Design; A pleasant cohesiveness across the frame; The equal distribution of weight or force among visual units
Q: Balance
Answer: Blocking figures to study essential volumes or characterize the mass and weight of an object such as the human body
Q: Voluminal Shape
Answer: Can be used to convey action or focus purely on narrative in a more simplistic manner than by literal rendition
Q: Linear Shape
Answer: Can be used to fill space or for purely decorative purposes
Q: All-Over Patterns
Answer: Performed to fit subject matter into a particular space, such as what Greek painters did when painting a kylix (round plate)
Q: Conforming Patterns
Answer: A round plate from ancient Greek art
Q: Kylix
Answer: Employed to convey, for instance, a busy scene of many jumbled shapes or objects; also can be used to enhance contrast within adjacent, similarly-colored areas
Q: Varied Patterns
Answer: Can be employed to add a sense of vitality to a scene or to integrate an otherwise unimportant background into its overall artistic meaning
Q: Geometric Designs
Answer: Achieved by, for instance, altering the shape of the head, arms or shoulders of a figure to emphasize its emotional disposition or to point to its interest
Q: Distortion for Emotional Effect
Answer: Boundaries exist in nature, actual lines do not
Q: Why is a line within a painting considered an abstraction?
Answer: Occurs when the artist wishes to convey the beauty of lines as the principle element within a work with little to no regard for representation
Q: Calligraphic Lines
Answer: Used to contain form, control shape and evoke a sense of mass; can be used to caricature the organic structure of an animal, for instance.
Q: Outlines
Answer: Used to describe form by flowing around it; not used to simulate nature; straight and angular lines represent the rigidity of walls and floors while curved and rhythmic ones enliven figures
Q: Contour Lines
Answer: Used to convey intensity, such as with bold, abrupt lines that might be use to caricaturize a warrior or fighting man; alternatively, smooth, retrained, continuous lines can be used to counter intensity.
Q: Expressive Lines
Answer: Attempts to portray color exactly as he sees it, altering contrast and brightness to imitate the natural changes that occur as a result of shadow and light.
Q: Naturalistic Perspective Use of Color
Answer: The artist may make color choices in order to balance the composition; build vaporous or indeterminate forms; to blend colors around fixed objects; to render sharply defined forms through adjacent, contrasting colors, for decoration; for expressive purposes to convey mood, emotion or to emphasis a season; to control light and shadow; to replace light and shadow for an intentional 2-dimensional effect
Q: Use of Color as an organizing element
Answer: The representation of the shifting variable qualities of light through its presence, intensity and direction of flow
Q: Tone
Answer: Element of Design; Used to describe areas of a composition which have been treated in a decorative manner, such as where the area is covered by a formal arrangement of linear patterns and decorative symbols
Q: Texture
Answer: Describes virtually any artistic product that deviates from visual realism
Q: Abstraction
Answer: The preparatory phase, exploratory phase and terminal phase
Q: What are the 3 phases of Abstraction?
Answer: Phase of Abstraction; Consists of the artist narrowing his or her focus to exactly what is to be conveyed. Next, the artist carefully observes or studies the subject matter, sometimes employing tools and/or media for a documentary analysis in order to sharpen perceptions and become completely familiar with it prior to undertaking creative liberties
Q: The Preparatory Phase
Answer: Phase of Abstraction; The artist seeks a unification of his or her response to the subject matter often experimenting with a selection/rejection process to arrive at the most ideal direction in which to proceed. This process often reveals additional details, patterns and rhythms and opens up yet additional paths of experiementation
Q: The Exploratory Phase
Answer: Phase of Abstraction; Involves a resolution and final synthesis of previous exploration into a tangible course of action to resolve the work. All irrelevant details and paths are eliminated. The heart, mind and hand are finally brought into unity during this phase
Q: The Terminal Phase
Answer: Cabinet, Isometric and Scientific
Q: What are the basic types of Geometric Projection?
Answer: Gives a fairly good approximation of how an object will appear when finished and provides measurements in scale. It isn’t a particularly popular method, however, since it usually requires two translations-top and sides into halves and ratio translation in terms of size
Q: Cabinet Projection
Answer: Preferred when exact conceptions of scale and shape are requires; the preferred method for tool manufacturing and heavy industry; all measurements are the same scale and the object is rendered from a general perspective of being looked down upon
Q: Isometric Projection
Answer: Also known as “Central Projection”; The center of the technique is any one eye or point of focus; The object is rendered in multiple positions-sometimes exemplified through a drop down or “swing away” drawing; a common technique of many Renaissance painters such as Masaccio
Q: Scientific Projection
Answer: The representation of figures or other elements of identical size which may be nearer or farther from the perspective of the viewer so as to preserve, for instance, completeness
Q: Uniform Size
Answer: Purposefully rendering figures or other elements out of proportion for artistic effect or emphasis
Q: Disproportionate Size
Answer: Purposefully eliminating illusions of depth such as when painting a 3-dimensional object or when rendering in a certain style, such as in Oriental portraiture
Q: Single Plane
Answer: An artist might employ atmospheric perspective to fad the distinctiveness or color of objects that might normally occur in the distance
Q: Omission of Atmospheric Perspective
Answer: Can be used to represent a different perspective for the viewer of various elements; particularly useful to render a complex architectural scene
Q: Multiple Perspective
Answer: Can be employed to reveal what might otherwise be hidden by the limited perspective of a viewer; for instance, to fully reveal everything on a table full of objects
Q: Diversified Images
Answer: Useful for rendering a highly comprehensible figure, for instance, by drawing each portion in its most recognizable form
Q: Combined Images
Answer: To dramatize, for instance, the inconsequential “smallness” of figures or objects within or near a massive environment (at sea, in a dessert, in the sky, etc.)
Q: Space as an Emotional Element
Answer: It transcends the implication of time-motion through abstractive techniques by including real motion as a tangible entity in a work.
Q: What is Kinetic Art?
Answer: Area of Kinetic Art; Occurs when apparent or actual movement of an object or the observer produces a sensation of change and motion
Q: Optical Phenomena
Answer: Area of Kinetic Art; Occurs when rapid movement seems to dematerialize an object or when movement invokes a recognizable change in an object’s appearance
Q: Transformations
Answer: Area of Kinetic Art; Encourages the rearrangement or alteration of a painting or sculpture by the observer who essentially becomes interactive with the work
Q: Movable Works
Answer: Area of Kinetic Art; Motorized apparatuses equipped with gears, cranks, camshafts and levers that lift, turn, push and pull
Q: Machines
Answer: Area of Kinetic Art; Dependent upon movement of either the light source or the viewer
Q: Light-Play
Answer: Area of Kinetic Art; With self-effacing mechanics and economy of means
Q: Movement Itself
Answer: A work that represents the likeness of a specific individual, group or animal; artists are frequently concerned with including some conveyance of emotion or painting the sitter in a manner that reveals some aspect of his or her personality; frequently performed in both 2 and 3-dimensions
Q: Portrait
Answer: Refers to the field of portrait making; also used as a general term referring to portraits
Q: Portraiture
Answer: Occurs when an artist represents himself or herself as the principal subject within a work; often accomplished using a reflection in a mirror or in the modern era, a photograph
Q: Self-Portrait
Answer: A work of art such as a painting or photograph that depicts natural scenery-valleys, mountains, trees, rivers, forests, etc.
Q: Landscape
Answer: Created by painting inanimate, common subjects such as food, flowers, vessels, books and clothing
Q: Still Life
Answer: The intellectual process of understanding the work is a means of seeking conceptual content within it where content is considered as an expression of an idea; Form becomes the vehicle by which content is presented.
Q: How do Form and Content correlate?
Answer: The summation of all means by which a painter arrives at unifying his or her intended overall effect. First comes the general design; The manipulation of light and shade is an important aspect that can be used to evoke emotion or provide a sense of depth; Asymmetrical composition or purposeful imbalance can ‘force’ the viewer to scan a work for its subject matter
Q: What is the process of Composition in Painting?
Answer: Technique to indicate Spatial Depth; Warmer (redder) colors are used to indicate an approach or relatively close proximity while cool (bluer) colors indicate farther away or recession
Q: Advancing and Receding Color
Answer: Technique to indicate Spatial Depth; Objects in the foreground might be rendered with clear or more distinct details. As objects become more distance, their clarity and detail are purposefully diminished
Q: Diminishing Detail
Answer: Technique to indicate Spatial Depth; Near figures and objects might be interposed over those intended to be behind or further back
Q: Overlapping Planes
Answer: Technique to indicate Spatial Depth; Objects intended to be close(foreground) are placed lower while more distant objects are raised toward the top of the picture plane
Q: Position in the Picture Plane
Answer: Technique to indicate Spatial Depth; Objects farther away are made smaller than those intended to be closer which effectively corresponds to what a viewer expects base upon personal experience
Q: Contrast and Gradation in Size
Answer: Technique to indicate Spatial Depth; Alters the appearance of an object by rendering the effect of intervening atmosphere; An object might become paler or less distinct as distance to it increases
Q: Aerial Perspective of Color
Answer: Technique to indicate Spatial Depth; Most effective when employed in angular or parallel perspective drawings such as a road or railroad track
Q: Converging Diagonals
Answer: Occurs when all or part of an object is rendered in such a way as to allow underlying objects to be seen
Q: Transparency
Answer: Some understanding of the creative process involved in production, or perhaps, some particular insight into the thought and feelings of the creator
Q: What is required for visual art to truly be “appreciated”?
Answer: View that art is an instrument for the recognition of a moral good or purpose; Belief that art an educational tool if for no other purpose than to educate the emotions of the one experiencing it.
Q: Extrinsic Value of Art
Answer: View that art has value unto itself; Belief that art is fully self-justified being simply created for the sake of itself
Q: Intrinsic Value of Art
Answer: The pornographer creates a rendition or view intended to maximize sexual arousal on the part of the viewer;”Nude Art”, particularly naturalistic “nude art” often attempts to convey the delicacy and softness of the feminine form, erotic arousal is not he objective. It is rather an artistic portrayal-either naturalistic or stylistically abstract
Q: What is the difference between “Nude Art” and pornography?
Answer: A photographer must record what is present at that particular moment; A portrait artist can select essential attributes or features for emphasis or stylistic embellishment. He can synthesize transient expression or contours into a cohesive picture and produce a rendition that is completely unique. He also has the ability to convey psychological insight and communicate his or the sitter’s reaction to the situation or presence
Q: What are advantages Portraiture has over Photography?
Answer: A technique or skill considered apart from the aesthetic aspect of a creation often involving a constructive manual activity; The craftsman does not engage in an active process of aesthetic expression.
Q: Craft
Answer: 3 simultaneous activities:SensingSelectingPerceiving
Q: What characterizes the Act of Seeing as theorized by Aldous Huxley?
Answer: Part of Aldous Huxley’s Theory characterizing the act of seeing as consisting of 3 simultaneous activities; States sensing occurs in the eyes and nervous system and that it does not vary substantially among normal, healthy individuals.
Q: Sensing
Answer: Part of Aldous Huxley’s Theory characterizing the act of seeing as consisting of 3 simultaneous activities; The process of narrowing one’s focus to a single area or part of the total visual field. Through psychological processing the eye is able to record its clearest images at the focal point of the retina. The individual’s own decision and interest allow for the discrimination of something within the visual field more clearly than other elements
Q: Selecting
Answer: Part of Aldous Huxley’s Theory characterizing the act of seeing as consisting of 3 simultaneous activities; The mental activity that occurs between sensation and thought that gives meaning and significance to sensation. Visual perception is sensing which occurs as a function of that structure of the eye.
Q: Perceiving
Answer: Realism, Super-Realism, Expressionism and Constructivism; These correspond to the four basic types of mental activity(thinking, feeling, sensation, and intuition)
Q: What are the modes of perception as theorized by Herbert Read?
Answer: Herbert Read’s Theory of Modes of Perception; Occurs when the artist perceives his world and the objects it contains as objective facts and attempts to render what is seen as exactly as possible, although sometimes through his own stylistic lens; Michelangelo, Da Vinci, Raphael and Botticelli are categorized by this technique
Q: Realism
Answer: Herbert Read’s Theory of Modes of Perception; Occurs when objects of visual origin are rendered in an independent reality sometimes creating “unreal” relationships or juxtapositions; Dali, Chagall, Rene’ Magritte and Georgia O’Keeffe often employed this technique
Q: Super-Realism
Answer: Herbert Read’s Theory of Modes of Perception; Involves the projection of one’s own consciousness into the object of perception creating a personal and subject redention; Van Gogh, Matthias Grunewalk and Seymour Lipton used this technique
Q: Expressionism
Answer: Herbert Read’s Theory of Modes of Perception; This method forsakes imitative elements in favor of attempting to evoke an aesthetic response on the part of the viewer by manipulating the formal relationships of space, mass, color and sound; Pollack, Jose’ de Rivera, Reinhardt and Albers are or were considered artists based on this technique
Q: Constructivism
Answer: Curiousity: Should not be inhibited by preconceived notions, boundaries or preset limits but should include a enthusiasm for the act of observingOpen-mindedness: Requires an ability or willingness to assimilate the unfamiliar, such a disposition shouldn’t come at the expense of person taste, but should occur for the purpose of being receptive to artist contentAn Ability to Concentrate or Focus Attention: Work is best appreciated when the viewer can isolate, at least in some measure, his attention upon it
Q: What characteristics of Aesthetic Sensitivity are essential for the process of art appreciation?
Answer: Independence of Judgement: Occurs when one maintains his own personal judgement despite the contrary opinion of fellows or when one resists adapting his or her opinion to that of others.Tolerance of Complexity: Requires a resignation that not every individual element or technique at its most elementary structure must be understood prior to engaging in an understanding or genuine appreciation of the work.A Sense of Recreation: An ability to break from the normal rigors of adult life is necessary in order to engage one’s appreciative faculties. Engaging different parts of the brain for different purposes
Q: What Personal Qualities can Affect Aesthetic Sensitivity?
Answer: Any specific color
Q: Hue
Answer: A color made by adding black to a hue
Q: Shade
Answer: A color made by adding grey to a hue
Q: Tone
Answer: The degree of Light or darkness
Q: Value
Answer: Black, white and grays; artwork executed without color
Q: Achromatic
Answer: The complete absence of light
Q: Black
Answer: The intensity, strength or purity of a color
Q: Chroma
Answer: Colors which appear opposite one another on a color wheel
Q: Complementary Colors
Answer: Orange, violet, green; each is midway between the Primaries from which it can be mixed
Q: Secondary Colors
Answer: Colors that are the result of a beam of white light that is broken by a form of prism into its hues
Q: Spectrum
Answer: The opposite of shade; combining white with a color to make it lighter
Q: Tint
Answer: Prints that aren’t signed, numbered or inspected personally by the artist, usually printed on less expensive, lighter weight paper stock and smaller in size than limited editions; “Posters” are examples
Q: Open Edition Prints
Answer: A means of obtaining prints or canvases after the edition is sold out from the publisher. Value and availability are based upon supply and demand
Q: Secondary Market
Answer: Budget, Quality, Aesthetic Merit, Need of Current Collection, Relationship of potential purchase to current collection
Q: What are some considerations an art museum might make in purchasing art?
Answer: Refers to an open edition print which has been signed by an artist but has not been numbered.
Q: Signed Only
Answer: Often abbreviated as “S/N”; refers to a print which has been both signed and numbered by the artist. S/N prints are often also referred to as “Limited Edition”
Q: Signed and Numbered
Answer: A signed and numbered print bearing the pencil written initials ‘A/P’. Identical to signed and numbered works with the exception that there are fewer artists proofs available.
Q: Artist’s Proof
Answer: A reproduction of an original painting that has been “signed and numbered” by an artist. True “limited edition” prints are considered collectible pieces of art and are usually produced on high quality, acid-free paper. Also referred to as lithographs
Q: Limited Edition
Answer: The relationship of an object to its background
Q: Figure/Ground Relationship
Answer: As a closed region becomes smaller, the more an object is seen as a figure
Q: Area
Answer: Closed contour areas appear more as figures than open contour areas
Q: Degree of Close
Answer: Objects and shapes which are close to one another tend to be grouped together
Q: Proximity
Answer: The ground or figure drawing the most attention tends to be that with the fewest changes or interruptions in straight or gently curving lines
Q: Continuation
Answer: Symmetrical regions that are closed tent to be seen more as figures
Q: Symmetry
Answer: Engravings are divided based upon subject matter and to a lesser extent, their style.Bubalus Period: naturalistic, large and substantially detailedCattle Period: cattle represents the majority of the subject matterHorse Period: Divided into 3 categories- “Chariot Sub-Period” depicting most larger animals and chariots of basic design.-“Horseman Sub-Period” represents horses being ridden-“Camel Period” includes engraving and painting by many of the area’s modern inhabitants
Q: How do African art historians categorize rock engravings and what are they?
Answer: Considered one of the greatest American architects of all time. Studied engineering and became interested in searching for an appropriate Midwestern architecture.His notable works include: The Jacobs House (1937) in Westmoreland, Wis., and the Winckler-Goetsch House (1939) at Okemos, Mich.
Q: Frank Lloyd Wright
Answer: Midwestern architectural style which was widely recognized for its radical approach to modern home building. it included the use of mass-produced materials and equipment and was marked by roomy living areas and perimeter heating
Q: Prairie School Style
Answer: First appeared early 1900’s in both France and Germany through the works of Henri Matisse and Albert Marquet, is marked by the color, line and shape elements of pictorial design that are manipulated according to the artist’s emotion and the work’s intended impact on the viewer
Q: Expressionist Style Origin and Characteristic Attributes
Answer: Henri Matisse, Albert Marquet, Raoul Dufy, Othon Friesz, Andre Derain and Maurice de Vlaminck
Q: Expressionist Painters
Answer: 1900-1905: Blue Period, immediately following was the Pink Period(primary subject matter was the circus). 1906-1907: Experimenting with angular figures and distorted proportions( Ex: “Les Demoiselle d’Avignon) By 1909 he was working with fellow cubist Georges Braque, the two refined the cubist style and continued to experiment with different color palettes
Q: Pablo Picasso Early Styles, 1900-1909
Answer: Henri Matisse
Q: who is considered the most accomplished artist of the Expressionist era?
Answer: Founded in Weimer, Germany in 1919 by architect Walter Gropius. Initially interested in studying how modern materials and science could be directed toward improved aesthetics and functionality. Painters and architects including Marcel Breuer, Paul Klee and Gerhard Marcks were influential parts of the school.
Q: The Bauhaus Art School
Answer: Training through art that A) involved all the senses, B) Combined thinking and feeling and C) Included problem solving through direct experience.Theories and curriculum developed here proved influential to the industrial design of many products including automobiles, tools, household appliances and furniture
Q: What did the Bauhaus Art School’s program consist of?
Answer: Chemically pure pigments gently bound by gum or resin and are much softer than their harder chalk crayon cousins; 3 basic qualities-soft, medium & hard. Colors are marked on a scale from 0-8 indicating the relative lightness or darkness of the tone.
Q: Pastels
Answer: Pastels (Oil and Chalk), Charcoal, Graphite Pencils, Colored Pencils, Pen and Ink, crayons
Q: Drawing Mediums
Answer: Kiln produced from vine and willow twigs.
Q: How is modern Charcoal made?
Answer: Produced from willow or vine, available in variable degrees of thickness and hardness, typically supplied in 6″ lengths.
Q: Stick Charcoal
Answer: Manufactured from powdered charcoal and a binder, relatively strong(stronger than stick), supplied in 3″ and 4″ lengths.
Q: Compressed Charcoal
Answer: Similar to a traditional pencil with the ‘lead’ being compressed charcoal, available in variable degrees of density and thickness. Ideal for fine work and detail.
Q: Charcoal Pencils
Answer: Produced by rolled blotting paper in pencil form, very hard and suitable when a variety of tonal effects are desired.
Q: Powdered Charcoal
Answer: Used for error correction, can be shaped to a fine point for detail correction but should be considered unsuitable for large corrections
Q: Kneaded Putty Erasers
Answer: Available in a variety of hard and soft qualities on an 18 point scale, the softest, 8B through the hardest, 8H
Q: Graphite Pencil
Answer: Notable for the high degree of blackness produced in the lines, like graphite pencils, also available in variable degrees of density and grades
Q: Charcoal and Carbon Pencil
Answer: Soft due to their constituent parts which include filler, binder, lubricant, and coloring; available in a wide assortment of tints, typically not erasable with few exceptions although sometimes removable using a blade.
Q: Colored Pencils
Answer: A modified apparatus similar to a “mechanical” pencil with refillable ‘lead’ in a range of sizes and thicknesses.
Q: Clutch Pencil
Answer: Cheap and readily available, these can be fitted to a variety of nib gauges, from fine to blunt points including script, italic, five-line and copperplate
Q: Dip Pens
Answer: Marked by the fact that ink is drawn up through the nib via suction
Q: Fountain Pens
Answer: Provides smooth flowing ink from a reservoir into which ink is poured, typically found with a variety of nibs
Q: Reservoir Pens
Answer: Preferred by commercial illustrators, marked by a narrow metal tubular point which provides good drawing performance regardless of how the pen is used.
Q: Stylo Tip Reservoir Pens
Answer: Typically of the sable variety, these require careful cleaning after use
Q: Brushes (For Ink Work)
Answer: Typically waterproof, these are available in a variety of colors including Indian ink which is common for black drawing work; they dry to a gloss finish
Q: Drawing Inks
Answer: Provides an effect similar to watercolor in that these absorb into the paper and dry to a matte finish. The color range is relatively small.
Q: Non-Waterproof Ink
Answer: Primary technique is ‘line and dot’ due to the ability to produce an almost limitless number of textures.Shadow and tonal variations are achieved through various methods such as stippling, hatching and cross-hatching, toothbrush spattering and scribbling, among others.Erasure can be accomplished to varying degrees of success through the use of blotting paper.
Q: Pen and Ink Application Techniques
Answer: A mathematical concept that the precept that the proportion of the smaller part to the larger part of a whole is equal to that of the larger to the whole.
Q: Golden Mean
Answer: Liquid drawing media includes water and solvent-based pen and ink felt tip markers. Though now rare, permanent markers have been known to contain the highly toxic chemical, Xylene, and should not be sniffed or inhaled. When using liquid drawing media for extended periods be sure it is in well ventilated areas.
Q: Liquid Drawing Media Hazards and Precautions
Answer: Dry drawing media includes charcoal, pastels and oil pastels, pencils and crayons. Graphite dust from pencils is a potential hazard, along with charcoal stick dust. Some oil pastels contain toxic chemicals & are hazardous if ingested. Spray fixatives contain solvents which are hazardous, particularly when vaporized; Use fixatives outdoors, in a spray booth or with an approved respirator device.
Q: Dry Drawing Media Dangers
Answer: Dyes and pigments are mixed with binders such as linseed or poppy oil which oxidize in the air to form solid skins of uniformly distributed color particles.
Q: What makes up Oil Paint?
Answer: Principle referring to oil painting by which layering is achieved by allowing underlying layers to dry prior to applying subsequent ones which usually contain more oil than the prior layer.
Q: Fat Over Lean
Answer: Medium into which the paint pigment is suspended
Q: Binder
Answer: Linseed OilMid-toned OilStand OilPoppy OilCold-Pressed Walnut OilCold Pressed Flax Seed Oil
Q: Oil Binders
Answer: Referring to Oil Painting; A honey-like thick variant of linseed oil used as a base in which to grind pigment for glazing.
Q: Stand Oil
Answer: Referring to Oil Painting; Frequently used instead of linseed oil for paler colors and whites or as a modifier of linseed oil color.
Q: Poppy Oil
Answer: Referring to Oil Painting; A good fast drying alternative, although it can be expensive and have a short shelf life.
Q: Cold-Pressed Walnut Oil
Answer: Referring to Oil Painting; Thinners and solvents commonly used to alter the consistency of oils to achieve desired application.
Q: Diluents
Answer: Diluent derived from the pine tree is the most common and is available in a variety of grades(Rectified, Pure Gum Spirits)
Q: Turpentine
Answer: Turpentine, Acetone, Refined Petroleum such as Benzol, Mineral Spirits and gasoline
Q: Types of Diluents
Answer: Consisting of various resins suspended in solvents, used primarily for glazing and protection. Varieties include Damar, Shellac and Synthetic Gels.
Q: Oil Painting Varnishes
Answer: A ready-made, commonly used varnish
Q: Damar
Answer: Varnish that is used occasionally as a correction for grounds which are too porous.
Q: Shellac
Answer: Pigments bound in synthetic resin or polyvinyl acetate. Water soluble emulsions which dry to a matte finish and lend themselves quite well to layering.
Q: Acrylic Paint
Answer: A process of paint application where the paint is suspended in compressed air to create an aerosol.
Q: Airbrushing
Answer: Brushes made up of hog’s hair or sable.
Q: What are the best brushes for Oil Painting?
Answer: Referring to Oil Painting; Palette knives, available in many shapes and sizes are made from thin, flexible steel. Painting knives, which have delicate blades and long handles, can be used to apply paint directly to the canvas.
Q: Knives
Answer: Referring to Oil Painting; Typically oval or rectangular and made of wood, china or glass, paper versions have the advantage of being disposable and have gained popularity
Q: Palettes
Answer: Referring to Oil Painting; Small open topped cans made to hold oil and turpentine that typically clip onto the palette.
Q: Dippers
Answer: Referring to Oil Painting; A wooden cane with a chamois tip which rests on the canvas to steady the arm when painting-also available in aluminum
Q: Mahl Sticks
Answer: Referring to Oil Painting; Tripod stands which vary greatly in size and weight. Often adjustable, the most comfortable is the traditional artist’s donkey.
Q: Easels
Answer: Artist and Student grades
Q: What are the two ready-made paints available?
Answer: Mixing pigment and distilled water with egg yolk.
Q: What is the mixing process of Tempera Paint?
Answer: Opaque watercolor painting, quick drying, often used for color reproduction work. Technique first developed around the 14th Century by a Monk
Q: Gouache Painting
Answer: Oil Paint Characteristic; The paint should resist deterioration or decomposition under normal circumstances. If proper care is maintained, the paint should last for several centuries or more.
Q: Permanence
Answer: Oil Paint Characteristic; Once dry, the paint should produce a kind of ‘film’ which is flexible and continuous.
Q: Paint Film
Answer: Oil Paint Characteristic; The paint should not affect adjacent paint, either on the same or different layers.
Q: Stability
Answer: Oil Paint Characteristic; The paint should not change color or fade under normal light
Q: Light Fastness
Answer: Oil Paint Characteristic; The paint should dry within about 2-20 days; neither too fast nor too quickly.
Q: Drying Rate
Answer: Oil Paint Characteristic; The paint should be of a consistency so as to leave a characteristic brush stroke.
Q: Consistency
Answer: Organic Paint: Carbon-based paint usually derived from animal sources.Inorganic Paint: Derived from natural mineral pigments such as raw sienna or yellow ochre.Synthetic Paint: Manufactured from man-made compounds.
Q: What are the 3 basic types of Paint?
Answer: Created through a chemical change process that occurs when water-diluted pigments are crystallized after being applied to a wall treated with lime and sand plaster. Outdoor works which demand durability.
Q: Frescos
Answer: Typically created from powdered natural or earth pigments diluted in water.
Q: Fresco Paint
Answer: Referring to Oil Painting; The layer between the sizing or surface preparation coat and the paint. Typically white in color.
Q: Grounds
Answer: A traditional ground with a glue component, suitable for hard surfaces but cracks into fine lines one dry rendering it less than ideal for canvas.
Q: Gesso
Answer: Oil-based mixtures that are both faster drying than purely oil solutions and more flexible than gesso.
Q: Emulsion Grounds
Answer: A recent production that does not require size and show promise as a reliable alternative to traditional solutions.
Q: Acrylic Grounds
Answer: The art or technique of painting with hot wax colors that are fused into a homogeneous layer after application and fixed with heat to a support. Developed by the ancient Greeks. Colors are created by mixing resin and melted beeswax.
Q: Encaustic Painting
Answer: Avoid using sodium fluoride, mercury or phenol compounds as preservatives. Acrylics will sometimes cause nose, eye or throat irritation. Always wear goggles, gloves or protective aprons when handling ammonia. Avoid direct skin contact with thinners and other solvents. Always use them in well-ventilated areas and wear neoprene gloves. Stop immediately and seek medical attention if you experience any of the following symptoms when using vapor-producing chemicals: Dizziness, headache, drowsiness, nausea, fatique, loss of coordination, or respiratory irritation. Epoxy paints have been linked to bone marrow damage-use them only with proper skin and respiratory protection. Most paint can be removed with baby oil and soapy water-never use thinner to remove paint from skin.
Q: Hazards commonly associated with the use of Oil and Water-based paints
Answer: Relief Printing, Lithography, Planography, Intaglio and Screenprinting.
Q: Basic Printmaking Techniques
Answer: Works off the basis that grease and water do not mix. Flat or planographic images are produced on plates through a process of drawing, chemical etching and washing. The basic process involves light etching of the surface such that only the design itself will hold the printing ink. Limestone and flexible plates of aluminum, zinc are used for the surface area. Litho chalks, crayons, grease and litho pens are employed to create the inital design.
Q: Lithography
Answer: A stencil fitted under a fabric mesh which has been stretched to a frame. Initially, silk was the preferred screening material but it has recently been supplanted by synthetics such as nylon.To accomplish a print, paper is placed on the underside of the screen and stencils. Ink is then poured on the top of the mesh and forced through on to the paper by dragging a rubber squeegee across it. The resulting image is a product of whatever is not blocked by the stencil.
Q: Screenprinting
Answer: Oily Rags, Solvents, Paints, Baby, Linseed and lubricating oils, ceramic glaze, photographic chemicals, Acids and Bases, Sharp implements, Empty Chemical containers
Q: Types of Wastes generated in Visual Art-Making
Answer: Associated with Surface Preparation; The material to which the paint, ink or other marking method is applied; examples of common supports include canvas, hardboard and paper
Q: Support
Answer: Associated with Surface Preparation; Water-based preparations and glues used to isolate solvents and oils in paint from the underlying support; useful when minimal to no soaking is desired
Q: Size
Answer: Associated with Surface Preparation; Similar to ‘primer’ in non-artistic forms of painting, this is a layer of paint or film which provides the preferred surface for the application of the finish layer of paint; gesso is a common ground used in various kinds of painting.
Q: Ground
Answer: A very compact, folding lightweight alternative suitable for a traveling artist or for an artist who does not have a permanent place in which to set up for work.
Q: Sketch Box Easel
Answer: A large easel with a bench that some artists find useful for detailed work requiring an extended time in front of the canvas.
Q: Traditional Artist’s Donkey
Answer: Can be used on a high chair or low table; Compact and easily storable.
Q: Table Easel
Answer: The preferred choice for most outdoor artists; Typically has legs with adjustable height.
Q: Collapsible Easel
Answer: A large, foldable easel which adjusts to allow work at various angles.
Q: Radial Easel
Answer: Relatively non-portable but necessary for work on large canvases; as the name implies, most suitable for studio use.
Q: Studio Easel
Answer: A broad term which describes the relatively awkward combination of a variety of different, often everyday, objects for effect. Collage is a common form which often consists of combing previous disparate photographs or other 2-dimensional work into a single piece for effect.
Q: Mixed Media
Answer: Clay/Terracotta, Wax, Plaster and Glass Fiber
Q: What are the 4 most common Modeling materials?
Answer: Marked by a transparent, soft characteristic where portions of the underlying white or lighter color paper is left mostly bare or faintly toned.
Q: Watercolor Painting
Answer: Composed of finely ground pigment with gum arabic or senegal used as a binder. The gum acts as a light varnish, enhancing brightness and sheen. Water, as the name implies, is both the diluent and medium for this form.
Q: Watercolor Paint
Answer: Hot pressed(smooth), cold pressed(general purpose paper) and rough(for experts).
Q: What are the main categories of Watercolor Paper?
Answer: Stretching prevents lighter weight papers from buckling when color washed. The cut-off weight of paper usually considered optimal for washing is about 140lb. “Weight” is an important consideration when selecting paper and the term actually refers to the weight of a 480 sheet ream.
Q: Why is the process of ‘Stretching’ watercolor paper necessary?
Answer: Purchasing pre-mixed clay can prevent hazards associated with using clay mixers and with inhalation of clay dust. If mixing is preferred, use good ventilation and wear a dust mask or respirator. Wear protective clothing such as coveralls and use gloves or skin cream when handling wet clay. When working with glazes choose the lead-free variety or for sodium-based glazes, choose sodium carbonate rather than sodium chloride. Use proper ventilation when applying the glazes and an exhaust fan or spray booth if available. When kiln firing the ceramics, use goggles, welding shields and appropriately heavy gloves. Always use adequate ventilation regardless of the type of kiln chosen and allow the ceramic to cool thoroughly before handling.
Q: What are some useful safety precautions for working with ceramics?
Answer: Developed on the theory that any color from the visible light spectrum can be produced by combing or subtracting just a few colors.
Q: Primary Color Schemes
Answer: One of the first schemes developed by Sir Isaac Newton, colors include red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet.
Q: Roy G. Biv Color Schemes
Answer: Primary Colors; Most commonly red, green and blue, referred to as additive because when all three are combined, white light is created.
Q: Additive Primaries
Answer: Secondary Colors; The colors formed when any tow of the additive primaries are combined; These are cyan, magenta, yellow and black created when white light is passed through all 3 subtractive primaries.
Q: Subtractive Primaries
Answer: When two of the three additive/primary colors are combined, color is formed.
Q: Secondary Colors
Answer: Safety cans, Flammable materials storage cabinets, Limit quantities on-hand to what will actually be needed in the near-term. If a proper cabinet is not available, never store flammable materials near exits or windows. Keep flammable materials away from direct sunlight and sources of heat. Keep containers sealed when not in use.
Q: What types of containers & storage methods are approved for flammable or combustible artistic chemicals and materials?
Answer: Always inspect wiring and plugs prior to use. If damage is evident, do not use the device. Know how to operate all switches and circuit-breaker panels which may be needed to shut off equipment in the event of electrocution or fire. Avoid using extension cords and multi-plug cords when possible. Keep water and other liquids away from electrical cords and equipment. Ensure that electrical equipment is properly grounded
Q: Describe how to reduce the risk of electric shock while working with artistic electrical equipment
Answer: Immediately alert all others in the studio or room that a spill has occurred. Flush skin which has come in contact with the spill and launder all clothing before reuse.Place spill socks or absorbents around all drains which may allow for environmental release and clean up spills per the following instructions:Distribute loose absorbents across the entire area working from the outside in.Use bulk absorbents and spill pillow if available.Make note of color change indicators for neutralizers used on acids and alkaline spills.Place absorbed spill materials in a suitable container and dispose in accordance with local ordinance or regulatory requirements.
Q: What is the correct procedure for handling Chemical spills?
Answer: All adult materials should be avoided as these may contain toxic chemicals, including solvents, thinners, shellacs, acids, alkalis, bleaches, rubber cement and permanent markers. Materials which must be sprayed such as paints, fixatives, adhesives and airbrush paints should be avoided as well as pottery glazes, copper enamels, stained glass and pastels. Also, any materials requiring solvents for clean-up such as oil paint or oil-based printmaking inks should be substituted for water-based alternatives when available.
Q: What are materials that should be avoided when children are participating in an art project?
Answer: The most toxic are usually the inorganic variety with high exotic metal content. Paints such as flake white may contain toxic quantities metal such as lead. Other inorganic pigments based on cobalt, cadmium or manganese should also be considered harmful. Chromate-based pigments can cause rashes or allergic reactions. Use proper masking when spraying, heating, sanding or mixing dry pigments. Most paints labeled as “hues” do not contain sufficient quantities of hazardous materials.
Q: Describe how to identify toxic pigments and some of the hazards associated with their use
Answer: Gloves, long sleeves, long pants and boots or closed-toed shoes help prevent contact of chemicals with the skin. If splashes or flying debris are concerns, goggles should be worn in the work area. Ear protection is generally advised when working with noisy equipment for extended periods. Wear a properly fitted respirator or dust mask if vapors or dust are present. Refrain from wearing jewelry when working and tie long hair back to prevent it from being caught in tools and equipment.
Q: What types of protective apparel should be worn while working in the studio?
Answer: Chemicals such as boric acid, borax, ethyl parabens, methyl parabens, propyl parabens, sodium benzoate, thymol and zinc napthenate.
Q: Slightly Hazardous painting and drawing preservatives
Answer: Chemicals such as zinc chloride, sodium 2,4,5, trichlorophenate, sodium ortho phenyl phenate, sodium fluoride, phenyl mercuric acetate, phenyl mercuric chloride, mercuric chloride, magnesium silicofluoride, formalin, bleach and beta-napthol.
Q: Moderately Hazardous painting and drawing preservatives
Answer: Substances such as chromated copper arsenate, pentachlorophenol and phenol. Chromium and arsenic are well established as highly lethal substances and any preservative containing these should be entirely avoided under all circumstances.
Q: Highly Hazardous painting and drawing preservatives
Answer: A 1:1 substitute for turpentine. May be used as a paint thinner, brush cleaner and damar crystal dissolver. It’s non-toxic, non-flammable and environmentally safe. Can also be used to clean paint and other materials from the skin is following by a traditional soap and water wash. This product is hypoallergenic and readily available through traditional hardware, paint and hobby outlets
Q: Safe-Klean
Answer: ACMI; A non-profit association of art supply manufacturers concerned with the safe use of their products by the artistic community. The organization has 220 members and has evaluated and certified over 60,000 products in its history.
Q: The Art and Creative Materials Institution
Answer: Masaccio-PaintingDonatello-SculptureBotticelli-Painting
Q: The Early Renaissance Artists
Answer: Leonardo Da Vinci-“Renaissance Man”; PaintingMichelangelo-Painting, Sculpture, ArchitectureRaphael-PaintingTitian- Painting
Q: The High Renaissance Artists
Answer: Jan Van Eyck-PaintingBosch-PaintingBruegel-Painting
Q: The Northern Renaissance Artists
Answer: Dangerous pigment; May react with stomach acid to create highly toxic substance, hydrogen sulfide
Q: Antimony Black
Answer: Dangerous pigments; extremely toxic, known carcinogen
Q: Chrome Orange, yellow or green
Answer: Dangerous pigment; Probable carcinogen
Q: Cadmium Red
Answer: Dangerous pigment; Highly toxic
Q: Red or White Lead
Answer: Dangerous pigment; extremely toxic
Q: Cobalt Violet
Answer: Dangerous pigment; Probable carcinogen
Q: Antimony White
Answer: Dangerous pigment; Highly toxic, known carcinogen
Q: Strontium Yellow
Answer: Dangerous pigment; Produces highly toxic cyanide gas when heated or exposed to ultraviolet radiation or acid
Q: Antwerp Blue
Answer: “PPE”; Refers to gloves, lab coats, safetly glasses, chemical splash goggles, respirators, hard hats, safety shoes, disposable or cloth overalls and other protective gear designed to protect the wearer from various dangers. The gear must be compatible with chemical hazards, fit properly, provide proper dexterity, limit eyesight interference and be comfortable.
Q: Personal Protective Equipment
Answer: Mass, Space, Plane, Line, Movement, Scale, Texture, and Color
Q: Basic Elements of Sculpture Design
Answer: The most influential element in sculpture that can have a dramatic effect upon interpretation, light reflectivity and symmetry.
Q: Mass
Answer: The area within or around an area of substance
Q: Space
Answer: The use of deliberate visual pathways to help direct the viewer’s attention to areas of particular interest
Q: Movement
Answer: The relative size of the work; often a product of the manipulation of other elements such as mass
Q: Scale
Answer: Presentation of multiple units in a deliberate pattern
Q: Rhythm
Answer: The degree of difference between compositional parts or between one image and another
Q: Contrast
Answer: A design created through systematic repetition
Q: Pattern
Answer: Special attention given to some aspect of a composition to increase it’s prominence
Q: Emphasis
Answer: The differences that give a design visual and conceptual interest, notable, use of contrast, emphasis, differences in size, etc.
Q: Variation
Answer: The process of changing from one state or form to another
Q: Transition
Answer: Compositional similarity, oneness, togetherness or cohesion
Q: Unity
Answer: The physical characteristics of an object (the volume or perceived volume)
Q: Form
Answer: Line, Shape, Color, Texture, Space, Value and Form
Q: What are the Elements of Design?
Answer: Balance, Emphasis, Unity, Variation, Movement, Rhythm, Contrast, Pattern and Transition
Q: What are the Principles of Design?
Answer: A system of creating the illusion of 3-dimensions on a 2-dimensional surface. Two basic categories: Aerial and Linear.
Q: What is Perspective and its principles?
Answer: The atmospheric effects on objects in space and can be seen as diminishing tones for objects which are receding from view.
Q: What is Aerial Perspective?
Answer: A process of seeing lines on objects from various angles converging and diverging.
Q: What is Linear Perspective?
Answer: The position from which an object is seen and drawn; also known as the station point
Q: Point of Sight
Answer: Occurs when objects closer to the point of sight appear bigger than those which are farther away
Q: Plane-Linear Perspective
Answer: Placement which causes two faces of an object to be oblique to the picture plane; parallel lines converge on two vanishing points on the horizon
Q: Angular Perspective
Answer: Placement which causes 3 faces of an object to be oblique to the picture plane and parallel lines converge on two vanishing points on the horizon
Q: 3-Point Oblique Perspective
Answer: Is made on a curved rather than flat picture plane
Q: Curvilinear Perspective
Answer: Shows a picture like a panorama; the picture plane itself may be a cylinder
Q: Cylindrical or Panorama Perspective
Answer: Projection onto a spherical picture plane; similar to the effect created by a wide-angle lens photograph where lines appear to be curved
Q: Spherical Perspective
Answer: Carving (gouge, chisel), Shaping (rifflers, files & rasps), and Carpentry (Half rip saws, bow saws & wooden mallets)
Q: What are the 3 main types of Wood Carving Tools?
Answer: Chesnut, Ebony, Elm, Holly, Mahogany, Maple, Oak, Rosewood and Walnut
Q: Popular Hardwoods
Answer: Alder, Beech, Cedar, Pine, Apple, Lime, Pear &Plum
Q: Popular Softwoods and Fruitwoods
Answer: Carving a suitable wood with a limited set of tools to create works which don’t typically exhibit an abundance of fine detail
Q: Wood Carving
Answer: A more refined version of carving where fine detail and exacting shapes are desired.
Q: Engraving
Answer: 3-dimensional carving demands that wood be firmly fixed at a convenient angle for working with sufficient room to view the piece from all directions
Q: What is meant by “Carving in the round”?
Answer: Finishing helps protect the wood from discoloration and fingerprinting, it can also minimize the effects of a dry or damp atmosphere. A common finishing method is wax polishing
Q: Why is it important to apply a finish to woodwork?
Answer: Mixture of melted beeswax with turpentine and linseed oil that should be applied cold and then allowed to set for a few minutes prior to polishing.
Q: Wax Polishing
Answer: Foam building plastic; A relatively safe, non-toxic member of the thermoplastics group, it melts under heat and is soluble when exposed to certain solvents. It can be found in 2 basic varieties: expanded (open cell texture) and styrofoam (closed-cell variety)
Q: Polystyrene
Answer: Foam building plastic; A rigid, closed cell material with variable density which is not susceptible to melting although prone to release toxic fumes when heated
Q: Polyurethane
Answer: Stone used for carving; Relatively soft and suitable for a beginner but susceptible to moisture
Q: Soapstone
Answer: Stone used for carving; Used for thousands of years; quality is dependent upon quartz content but generally quite porous and a poor performer for finishing
Q: Sandstone
Answer: Stone used for carving; Readily available and polishes to a nice finish although potentially difficult to work due to a tendency to split
Q: Slate
Answer: Stone used for carving; Available in a variety of colors, typically easy to carve and produces a nice finish
Q: Marble
Answer: Stone used for carving; Available in a variety of densities and colors, Caen limestone from France is considered among the best for carving
Q: Limestone
Answer: Stone used for carving; A very hard stone requiring special tools to work successfully, polishes to an exceptionally high finish but is not suitable for detailed work
Q: Granite
Answer: Stone used for carving; Characteristically smooth and translucent, relatively soft and workable, best for smaller pieces which will be weather protected
Q: Alabaster
Answer: Boasting, Shaping, Carving and Finishing
Q: What are the 4 primary phases of stone carving?
Answer: Lighting, Position, use of pedestals or stands made of stone, metal or wood, covering the bottom with felt and atmospheric conditions for outdoor displays
Q: What factors should be considered when displaying a sculpture properly?
Answer: Paper thickness and Cutting
Q: What should be considered for Paper Sculpting?
Answer: Form of common light sculpture; A highly technical method of using laser beams to create 3-dimensional illusions; often employed on a very large scale
Q: Laser Holography
Answer: Form of common light sculpture; Designed to give bright, pulsating flashes of light
Q: Strobe Lights
Answer: Form of common light sculpture; A glass tube filled with an inert gas such as neon which is electrically charged to produce a glowing effect
Q: Neon Tubes
Answer: Form of common light sculpture; An argon-filled glass tube with an inner coating of fluorescent powder which glows when electrically charged
Q: Fluorescent Tubes
Answer: Form of common light sculpture; A vacuum drawn glass bulb consisting of a tungsten filament which glows when electrically charged
Q: Incandescent Light Bulbs
Answer: A form of art involving time or motion or a combination of the two; water pumps, air currents, electro-mechanical and magnetic devices have all been used successfully as part of kinetic displays
Q: Kinetics
Answer: Kinetic Art; Paper, metal, mirror, plastic or fabric objects suspended from varying lengths of cotton, wire, string or nylon cord which are usually suspended from the ceiling using a wooden or metal strip
Q: Hanging Mobiles
Answer: Kinetic Art; A famous example is the ball-bearing model where metal balls are suspended next to one another on thin wire so that one or more of them can be pulled away and dropped against the remaining bunch to produce a kind of perpetual swing. Other examples include electro-magnets and wire arrangements
Q: Pendulum Effects
Answer: Iron, Copper, Brass, Aluminum and Steel
Q: What types of metal is common to use for metal sculpture?
Answer: Metal Sculpting Technique; A joint created using low heat and a compound of soft metal; easy to perform although relatively weak in strength
Q: Soldering
Answer: Metal Sculpting Technique; A suitable method for altering the hardness and elasticity of a sheet or other piece of metal
Q: Riveting
Answer: Metal Sculpting Technique; Available through a variety of methods, it is a permanent means of joining metal through a high heat melting process; flame welding is preferred over the arc method for modeling due to its lower heat requirement
Q: Welding
Answer: Metal Sculpting Technique; A variety of methods are suitable for finishing metal work. The surface is typically prepared by an abrasive process such as sanding prior to applying paint. Metal can also be finished chemically through acid or phosphate baths, parkerizing or similar methods
Q: Painting and Finshing
Answer: An ancient process in use continuously to the present day which was first developed in the Bronze Age to make tools and statuettes. The basic premise is to either copy an object using the same material as the original or to create a reproduction of an object in a different material; In its simplest form, the material is poured over the object and allowed to dry. Once dry, it is removed, usually in two pieces, to create a mold. The mold is then filled with the material chosen for the new object and allowed to cool, cure or dry.
Q: Casting
Answer: Created often from clay, wax, plaster of Paris, rubber, concrete or plastics such as polyester resins.
Q: What materials are used for Casting?
Answer: A dust mask and goggles should be worn at all times when working with sculpting materials. Gloves or skin cream is advisable. Use plaster bandages over applying plaster directly to skin. Avoid working with stones that contain asbestos. Always carve away from you. Avoid the use of solutions which contain carbon tetrachloride, formaldehyde, methylene chloride, phosphate esters, DEHP and chlorinated synthetics. Choose water or heptane-based adhesives
Q: Sculpting safety precautions
Answer: More than 700 drawings and 800 oil paintings although he only sold one piece during his life.
Q: How many works of art did Vincent Van Gogh create throughout his lifetime?
Answer: The two worked closely together from 1909-1912 developing a style known as Analytical Cubism. The two believed in terms of perspective and illusion they were creating an entirely new form not just geometric art.
Q: “Still Life with Apples and Two Pumpkins”, 1885, Oil, Vincent Van Gogh
Answer: Art that is relatively primitive in appearance or that has been executed with obvious cues of naivety. The overall effect is often highly unrealistic, conventions of perspective are either ignored or erroneously flaunted and figures are frequently rendered out-of-proportion
Q: How did the relationship between Picasso and Braque impact Cubism?
Answer: Henri Rousseau, John Kane, Edward Hicks and Grandma Moses
Q: “Factory at Horta de Ebro”, 1909, Picasso, A study in the fracture of objects and space as well as light and shadow.
Answer: Animal paintings were reported in Mozambique in 1721 and South African Bushman paintings were first noted in 1752
Q: “Ambrose Vollard”, 1910, Picasso
Answer: It is believed that more than 30,000 paintings exist here in over 30 different styles divided into 3 basic categories-cattle, horse, and camel
Q: “Daniel Henry Kahnweiler”, 1910, Picasso
Answer: Religious Belief; Since the majority of artists during this time were affiliated with religious institutions (monks, nuns, etc.), their work set the overall standard for this period.
Q: Modern Primatives
Answer: Their complexes of temples, tombs and palaces
Q: Modern Primative Artists
Answer: During 7th Century BC Macedonia in Northern Greece saw the advent of agricultural and metallurgical techniques. Painted pottery and female figurines were both popular during this period and remarkably stylized.
Q: What was African Art first discovered?
Answer: Virtually every major civilization since ancient Greek has adopted or incorporated some aspect of Greek style as its own. Greeks were prolific writers who documented much of what they considered their most important artistic accomplishments in sculpture, paint and architecture.
Q: How many works of Art were discovered at Tassili between 1956-1957 by Henri Lhote?
Answer: Greek civilization, around 700 BC, had emerged as a dominant regional force that participated in substantial international trade. During this time, the incorporation of Oriental motifs were rapid and pervasive. Representation of traditional Greek literature within the visual arts was transformed through the liberal use of curvilinear effects such as spirals, interlacing bands, rosettes, palmettes and scenes of animals in various styles of contention. Much statuary and painting work from the 5th and 6th centuries BC have a decidedly Egyptian appearance.
Q: What dominated the artworks of the Middle Ages and why?
Answer: Painting and architecture largely arose from modifications of previous and varied traditions. Carolingian and Ottonian styles, as well as early Christian and Byzantine art are all considered influential to varying degrees. Most are religious in nature
Q: What do Egypt, the Middle and Near East and Crete civilizations share in commonality?
Answer: During Roman conquests of the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC, vast quantities of Greek art in every form were brought to Rome and heralded triumphantly in military processions. By the 2nd century BC, Greek artists enjoyed patronage from wealthy Romans which actually exceeded that of their own aristocracy.
Q: What is the typical nature and composition of Bronze Age Art?
Answer: Mosaics were a prolific art form throughout much of the empire in the later centuries and examples continued to be discovered. Mosaics are considered by many to be the most spectacular and prolific of all Roman remains.
Q: Why is it believed the ancient Greeks influenced modern artistic and architectural styles?
Answer: Roman Baths consisting of huge domes and groin vaults
Q: Why was Greek art influenced by Oriental and Egyptian styles beginning around 700 BC?
Answer: Exaggerated gestures and distorted features were intended to evoke a sense of emotion, or horror, as might be expected from those engaged in the conduct of war. Artists seemed determined that a sense of idea and feeling be imbued directly into their work.
Q: What gave rise to the Romanesque style during the 11th and 12th centuries?
Answer: Very little official Roman painting has survived to present day. Most of what is known about the period comes from the 1st century decoration of tombs and private houses unearthed in Herculaneum and Pompeii. Examples of the earliest style show a heavy Hellenistic influence where walls are made to appear as though they are constructed of multi-colored marble slabs. Architecture, scenes and landscapes behind painted columns were common as well as the inclusion of large frieze paintings
Q: How did Greek art influence Rome?
Answer: Marble sarcophagi
Q: Why is the mosaic tradition of Imperial Rome significant?
Answer: Constructed over 5 years beginning in 532. The structure embodies a unique architectural design that, while retaining the characteristic longitudinal axis of earlier basilicas, embellishes the square central nave with abutted half domes on either end. The central nave is capped by a large, crowning dome resting on four arches beneath pendentives. Its overall height of 184 feet exceeds that of the pantheon by 41 feet, giving rise to an even more dramatic appearance of the central dome.
Q: Thermae
Answer: Panoramas, Woods, Dunes and Country Roads, Rivers and Canals, Beaches, Winter, Sea, Nocturnal Views, Views of Foreign Lands, Views(Fanciful works intended to evoke a variety of moods)
Q: What is characteristic of the expressionistic style in Roman sculpture during the 2nd century?
Answer: (1746-1828); He was familiar with Rococo and knew many of the great European Barque masters. He developed a technique of aquatint and, along with etching, published a set of 80 socially critical prints in 1799 titled, “Los caprichos”.
Q: What is the history of Roman decorative painting during the imperial period of the 1st and 2nd centuries?
Answer: Samuel F.B. Morse, Thomas Cole, John James Audubon and George Caleb Bingham
Q: What was early Christian sculpture primarily consisted of?
Answer: Albert Bierstadt (1830-1902), Thomas Moran (1837-1926), Frederic Edwin Church and George Inness
Q: Hagia Sophia
Answer: During his lifetime from 1808-1879 he created over 4000 lithographs
Q: What types of landscape scenes were common to Dutch Landscape painting?
Answer: Albrecht Durer, John White, Thomas Girtin, William Blake, John Everett Millais and Winslow Homer
Q: Why is Francisco de Goya considered one of the greatest Romantic painters in history?
Answer: A french painter who originally identified with the Impressionist movement of the mid to late 19th century. Primarily known for his figure painting, particularly of women, much of his work is a study of upper class Parisian society.
Q: Who are considered the first American wilderness landscape painters?
Answer: Claude Monet
Q: Who are considered the great 19th century panorama painters?
Answer: Cezanne, Seurat, Van Gogh and Gaugin
Q: How many lithographs did 19th century artist Honore’ Daumier produce?
Answer: Pissarro, Monet, Degas and Renoir
Q: Well-known Watercolor artists
Answer: Also known as “nonrepresentational” or “nonobjective” art, its chief characteristics is its lack of specific references to natural objects and situations.
Q: Pierre-Auguste Renior
Answer: A style of non-representational painting that combines expressionist emotional value and abstract form. Heavily influenced by European Neo-Expressionists, the style began in New York during the 1940’s and had become the predominant style of the New York School by the 1950’s. It consisted of a variety of styles. It was often characterized by bold, forcefulness and large size. Colors are typically strident and accidental effects ar ea common feature.
Q: Who is considered to be the unequivocal master and promoter of the French Impressionistic style?
Answer: Jackson Pollock, Willem Gottlieb, Robert Motherwell and Mark Rothko
Q: Who founded Post-Impressionism?
Answer: Beginning around 1916, performers would dress in elaborate costumes and shout nonsensical verses toward the audience. It was never an overly serious movement
Q: Notable Impressionist Artstists
Answer: Jean Arp, Kurt Schwitters and Marcel Duchamp
Q: Abstract Art
Answer: Began as an offspring of Dadaism and flourished, for a time, as a legitimate alternative to the more mainstream and formulistic Cubist movement. Was said to be a means of “reuniting the conscious with the unconscious realms of experience”. Influenced by the work of Sigmund Freud
Q: Abstract Expressionism
Answer: Essentially a scraping of the canvas
Q: Abstract Expressionists
Answer: Andre Breton, Jean Arp, Max Ernst, Andre Masson, Rene Magritte, Yves Tanguy, Salvador Dali, Pierrre Roy, Paul Delvaux and Joan Miro
Q: Dadaism
Answer: A hallucinatory process developed by Salvador Dali
Q: Dada Artists
Answer: Salvador Dali
Q: Surrealism
Answer: Originated in Paris around 1912; Developed as an art of using pure color, often from opposite ends of the spectrum, to define shapes largely cubist in inspiration
Q: Grattage
Answer: A particular stylistic variation of cubism that combined the treatment of light, color and the sensation of movement; part of the repertoire of Robert and Sonia Delaunay, Marcel Duchamp and Frantisek Kupka, among others
Q: Surrealist Artists
Answer: Inspired by cubism and began in Russia as an experiment in pure abstraction; employed linear “rays” of light that produced facets of color and light on the canvas; a short-lived movement of a few artist over a period of just a few years.
Q: Paranoiac Critical
Answer: The term originated from an early 20th century Italian group’s optimism about the furture; The artists rejected nostalgia considered modernity to be more beautiful than Greek sculpture;Content was stressed over form and the dynamic interaction of objects in motion and space was often articulated in “force lines”
Q: Who is considered to be the most identifiable Surrealist Artist?
Answer: A brief phase in English art that combined the concerns of Futurism with many stylistic attributes of Cubism; The father of the movement was Wyndham Lewis
Q: Synchronism
Answer: This movement carried many elements of Futurism and Vorticism to an extreme by reducing color to pure black and white and form to basic geometric shapes
Q: Orphism
Answer: Proposed by Amedee Ozenfant and Le Corbusier as a disciplined, simplified form of art and architecture which rejected the decorative tendencies of cubism.
Q: Rayonism
Answer: The movement flourished in Russia from about 1914 to 1930; Notable for its creation of sculpture that was constructed rather than chiseled or modeled; often machine-like in appearance
Q: Futurism
Answer: Decorative and abstract art allegedly inspired by the colors and shapes experience by persons under the influence of hallucinatory drugs such as LSD, mescaline and psilocybin. It became a ‘formal’ style in the U.S. in 1966. Characterized by hard-edged areas of flat color in swirls or swelling curve that resemble art nouveau in appearance. Color is often soft and high in key
Q: Vorticism
Answer: Prolific 20th century American Painter; common subject matter included enlarged views of skulls and other animal bones, shells, rocks and natural land forms including mountains. Created work with her own style of rhythmic outlines and delicate color washes that inspired no shortage of interpretations. These ranged from symbolic to erotic and psychological.
Q: Suprematism
Answer: Jacques-Louise David
Q: Purism
Answer: A style that dominated European art and architecture throughout the 17th century. It combined elements of realism, illusionism and ornate forms in style sufficiently diverse that it is best understood within the context of the era’s cultural and intellectual tendencies. The principle aim of the style was to evoke emotional states by an appeal to the senses.
Q: Constructivism
Answer: Caravaggio, Gianlorenzo Bernini, Peter Paul Reubens, Rembrandt, Jan Vermeer and Franz Hals
Q: Psychedelic Art
Answer: A prolific engraver and printmaker who had a fascination with all aspects of nature. Known for his symbolism, practically every detail of his works is believed to have an alternate meaning.
Q: Georgia O’Keeffe
Answer: The “High Renaissance” of the early 16th century
Q: Who is one of the greatest masters of Neoclassical painting?
Answer: One of the most popular and distinctive Renaissance painters of the late 15th century. His work was infused with a distinctive gracefulness and personality. Known for his exquisite portrait work and pen drawings. Examples of his work: “Primavera”, “Mars and Venus”, “The Birth of Venus” and “Abundance”
Q: Baroque
Answer: Sculptors mostly turned their attention to pulpits, tombs, and alter furniture or domestic work such as reliefs and busts.
Q: Baroque Artists
Answer: A raised plateform or lectern in a church or chapel from which the preacher delivers a sermon.
Q: Albrecht Durer
Answer: Line drawing became the increasingly dominant style of design during this period and most artists made some use of it in their work. However, it is the liberal use of a broad spectrum of colors such as the depiction of pageantry that should be regarded as the most recognizable characteristic of the time.
Q: What is considered the greatest period of artistic achievement in Italy?
Answer: Depicts the crucifixion within a classical frame of Corinthian pilasters supported by a coffered vault.
Q: Sandro Botticelli
Answer: One of a number of sunken panels, usually square or octagonal, in a vault, ceiling, or soffit.
Q: By the mid 15th century, why were publicly commissioned classical sculptures replaced by smaller projects for private patrons?
Answer: A diverse and prolific artist. Of all the forms in his repertoire, sculpture consumed a large portion of his life.
Q: Pulpit
Answer: 1) Holbein-Painting2) Durer-Printmaking
Q: Summary of Italian painting during the mid-15th century
Answer: 1) El Greco-Painting
Q: The Holy Trinity with the Virgin and St. John, 1428, Masaccio, Fresco
Answer: 1) Caravaggio-Painting2) Bernini-Sculpture3) Borromini-Architecture
Q: Coffered Vault
Answer: 1) Sir Peter Paul Rubens-Painting2) Sir Anthony Van Dyck-Painting
Q: Italian Artist Lorenzo Ghiberti
Answer: 1) Frans Hals-Painting2) Rembrandt-Painting3) Vermeer-Painting
Q: The German Renaissance Artists
Answer: 1) Hogarth-Painting and Printmaking2) Gainsborough- Painting3) Reynolds- Painting
Q: Mannerism/Late Renaissance Artists
Answer: 1) Sir Christopher Wren- Architecture
Q: Italian Baroque Artists
Answer: 1) Diego Velazquez- Painting
Q: Flemish Baroque Artists
Answer: 1) Nicolas Poussin-Painting2) Claude Lorrain-Painting
Q: Dutch Baroque Artists
Answer: 1) Watteau- Painting
Q: English Baroque Artists
Answer: 1) David-Painting2) Ingres-Painting
Q: Baroque Architects
Answer: 1) Copley-Painting2) Stuart-Painting
Q: Spanish Baroque Artists
Answer: 1) Theodore Gericault- Painting2) Eugene Delacroix- Painting
Q: French Baroque Artists
Answer: 1) John Constable-Painting2) J.M.W. Turner-Painting
Q: Rococo Artists
Answer: 1) Thomas Cole- Painting; Hudson River School Founder2) Frederic Edwin Church- Painting3) Albert Bierstadt- Painting
Q: French Neoclassicism Artists
Answer: 1) George Caleb Bingham-Painting
Q: American Neoclassicism Artists
Answer: 1) Gustave Courbet-Painting2) Jean-Baptiste Corot-Painting
Q: French Romantic Artists
Answer: 1) Winslow Homer- Painting2) Thomas Eakins-Painting & Photography3) John Abbott McNeill Whistler- Painting4) John Sargent-Painting
Q: English Romantic Artists
Answer: 1) Louis J.M. Daguerre- Daguerreotype2) William Henry Fox Talbot- Calotypes
Q: American Romantic Artists
Answer: 1) Edouard Manet- Painting2) Claude Monet-Painting3) Pierre-Auguste Renior- Painting4) Edgar Degas-Painting5) Mary Cassatt- Painting6) Berthe Morisot-Painting7) Camille Pissarro- Painting
Q: Genre Painting Artists
Answer: 1) Georges Seurat-Painting; Founder of Pointillism2) Toulouse-Lautrec- Painting, Lithography & Poster Art3) Paul Cezanne- Painting4) Paul Gauguin- Painting5) Vincent Van Gogh- Painting
Q: French Realist Artists
Answer: 1) Edvard Munch-Painting
Q: American Realist Artists
Answer: 1) Henri Rousseau-Painting2) Odilon Redon-Painting3) Albert Pinkham Ryder-Painting
Q: Photography Inventors
Answer: 1) Maurice de Vlaminck- Painting2) Andre Derain-Painting3) Raoul Dufy-Painting4) Georges Rouault-Painting5) Henri Matisse-Painting
Q: Impressionist Artstists
Answer: 1) Pablo Picasso- Painting, Sculpture, Drawing
Q: Post-Impressionist Artists
Answer: 1) Umberto Boccini- Painting, Sculpture
Q: Early Expressionist Artists
Answer: 1) Vladimir Tatlin-Sculpture2) Kasimir Malevich-Sculpture
Q: Symbolism Artists
Answer: 1) Charles Sheeler-Painting2) Charles Demuth-Painting3) Georgia O’Keeffe- Painting
Q: Fauvism Artists
Answer: 1) Ernest Ludwig Kirchner-Painting2) Emil Nolde- Painting3) Wassily Kandinsky-Painting4) Paul Klee- Painting
Q: Cubism Artists
Answer: 1) Piet Mondrian-Painting
Q: Futurism Artists
Answer: 1) Walter Gropius- Architecture2) Mies van der Rohe-Architecture3) Le Corbusier- Archtecture4) Frank Lloyd Wright- Architecture
Q: Constructivist Artists
Answer: Eugene Atget, Henri Cartier-Bresson, Man Ray, Alfred Stieglitz, Edward Weston, Dorothea Lange
Q: Precisionist Artists
Answer: John Sloan-Sketch artist, paintingGeorge Bellows- painting
Q: Expressionist Artists
Answer: 1) Thomas Hart Benton-Painting2) John Steuart Curry- Painting3) Grant Wood-Painting
Q: Modernist Artists
Answer: 1) Arshile Gorky- “automatic” painting2) Jackson Pollock- “Drip” painting3) William de Kooning- Painting4) Franz Kline- Painting5) Hans Hofmann-Painting6) Clyfford Still- Painting7) Robert Motherwell-Painting
Q: Modernist Architects
Answer: 1) Jean Dubuffet-Painting2) Francis Bacon-Painting
Q: Victorian Era Photographers
Answer: Henry Moore, Alexander Calder(mobiles), David Smith (metal sculpture), Louis Bourgeois (wood sculpture), Louise Nevelson
Q: American Artists 1908-1940
Answer: Mark Rothko, Barnett Newman, Helen Frankenthaler, Morris Louis
Q: American Scene Artists
Answer: Josef Albers, Kenneth Noland, Ellsworth Kelly, Frank Stella
Q: Abstract Expressionist Artists
Answer: Robert Rauschenberg- “combines” (Half-paint/half-sculpture)Jasper Johns- Painting and Encaustic
Q: Figural Expressionist Artists
Answer: Andy Warhol-Illustration, painting, mixed mediaClaes Oldenburg-Sculpture
Q: Post-War Sculptors
Answer: All SculptorsDonald Judd, Carl Andre, Dan Flavin, Sol Lewitt, Robert Morris, Richard Serra
Q: Colorfield Artists
Answer: Robert Morris-sculpture
Q: Hard Edge Artists
Answer: Robert Smithon-environmentChristo-Plastic
Q: Pre-Pop Art Artists
Answer: Joseph Beuys-Misc.Vito Acconci- Misc.
Q: Pop Artists
Answer: Jonathan Borofsky-Misc.
Q: Minimalism Artists
Answer: Berenice Abbott, Margaret Bourke-White, Ansel Adams, Jerry Uelsmann
Q: Process Artist
Answer: Richard Estes, Audrey Flack, Chuck Close
Q: Environmental Artists
Answer: Anselm Kiefer, Francesco Clemente, Georg Baselitz, Jean-Micheal Basquiat
Q: Performance Artists
Answer: Barbara Kruger-CollageCindy Sherman-PhotographyRobert Longo- Painting
Q: Installation Artists
Answer: Eric Fischl-Painting
Q: 20th Century Photographers
Answer: Cy Twombly, Jean Dubuffet, Antoni Tapies
Q: Photo Realist Artists
Answer: Judy Chicago-Installations
Q: Neo-Expressionist Artists
Answer: Dolmen-Large vertical stones with a covering slabMenhir- Single stone set on it’s endCromlech- Circular arrangement of stones
Q: Post-Modern Artists
Answer: A technique in which a layer of opaque or semi-opaque paint is lightly applied over a dried layer so that the dried layer of paint is not completely hidden
Q: Narrative Artists
Answer: the technique of allowing tones and colors to shade gradually into one another, producing softened outlines or hazy forms
Q: Graffiti Artists
Answer: In Photography; The sharp area surrounded the point of focus
Q: Political Artists
Answer: a space through which light passes in an optical or photographic instrument, especially the variable opening by which light enters a camera
Q: “Oath of the Horatii”, Jacques-Louise David, 1784; Neo-Classicism; Oil on canvas
Answer: One million pixels
Q: “Les Desmoiselles D’Avignon”, Pablo Picasso, 1907; Cubism; Oil on canvas
Answer: Bits of information that are combined to form an image map
Q: “The Dinner Party”, Judy Chicago, 1974-1979; Feminist Art; Installation
Answer: The process in which fine metal wire is used to organize colors that are fused into hard enamel-like surfaces
Q: “Migrant Mother”, Dorothea Lange, 1936; Photography
Answer: The Intensity of a particular color
Q: “A Bar at the Folies-Bergere”, Edouard Manet, 1882; Impressionism; Oil on canvas
Answer: The liquid constituent of paint that holds pigment in suspension
Q: “A Sunday on La Grande Jatte”, Georges Seurat, 1884-1886; Impressionism-Pointillism; Oil on Canvas
Answer: In the context of drawing; The use of changes in value to represent a 3-dimensional surface
Q: “The Starry Night”, Vincent Van Gogh, 1889; Post-Impressionism; Oil on Canvas
Answer: The measurement of the aperture setting in a camera lens. The f-stop setting determines how much light is allowed to enter the lens and pass through to the film (analog) or CCD or CMOS sensor (digital)
Q: “The Ecstasy of St. Theresa”, Gianlorenzo Bernini, 1645-1652; Baroque, marble sculpture
Answer: Dots per inch
Q: What were the 3 basic forms of the first architecture?
Answer: Digital Video
Q: Scumbling
Answer: A translucent ceramic glaze with a green cast that was first developed in China during the Shang Dynasty
Q: Sfumato
Answer: Painting technique in which thin layers of paint are painting over existing layers to build subtle color
Q: Depth of Field
Answer: The safest archival mounting choice for 2-dimensional artwork, according to museum conservators
Q: Aperture
Answer: It was the first church to include the significant use of stained glass
Q: Megapixel
Answer: A sublime quality in nature is best distinct from beauty and is best defined as an experience that provokes a sense of awe
Q: Bitmap
Answer: The institutional theory of art; An aesthetic philosophy that stipulates that an object can be considered art only within the framework of the art world, defined primarily by museums and galleries
Q: Cloisonne
Answer: A technique developed in the 19th century, forms are portrayed with individual strokes of colors rather than making each a solid color