Prepare for your Anatomy and Physiology final exam with this comprehensive study guide. This covers all body systems, organ functions, and physiological processes.
Q: The difference between the study of anatomy and physiology
Answer: Anatomy is the study of the structures, while physiology is the study of the functions of these structures
Q: The Levels of Organization in the Human Body
Answer: AtomsMoleculeOrganelleCellTissueOrganOrgan SystemsOrganism
Q: What is Hematopoiesis
Answer: The formation of blood cells in the living body and is made in the skeletal system
Q: What are the necessary life functions?
Answer: Maintaining boundariesMovementResponsivenessDigestionMetabolismExcretionReproductionGrowth
Q: What are the five survival needs?
Answer: Nutrients (food)OxygenWaterBody TemperatureAtmospheric Pressure
Q: What is homeostasis?
Answer: The maintenance of stable internal environments
Q: What two body systems control homeostasis?
Answer: Nervous and Endocrine Systems
Q: What is the order of the homeostatic control system?
Answer: Stimulus, Receptor, Afferent Pathway, Control Center, Efferent Pathway, Effectors, Response
Q: What is the element of the homeostatic feedback mechanism that detects change?
Answer: Receptor
Q: What is the element of the homeostatic feedback mechanism that sets the normal range?
Answer: Control Center
Q: What is the element of the homeostatic feedback mechanism that is usually a gland?
Answer: Effector
Q: What type of feedback operates in such a way to shut off or reduce the initial stimulus?
Answer: Negative Feedback
Q: What type of feedback mechanism operates to enhance or increase the original stimulus?
Answer: Positive Feedback
Q: Body is erect with feet parallel and arms hanging at the sides with palms facing forward is an example of what?
Answer: Anatomical Position
Q: Vertebral is describing what?
Answer: Spine
Q: Antecubital is describing what?
Answer: Front of the elbow
Q: Scapular is describing what?
Answer: Shoulder blade
Q: Thoracic is describing what?
Answer: Chest
Q: Peroneal is describing what?
Answer: Side of the leg
Q: Gluteal is describing what?
Answer: Buttocks
Q: Popliteal is describing what?
Answer: Back of the knee
Q: Sural is describing what?
Answer: Calf
Q: Sternal is describing what?
Answer: Breastbone
Q: Tarsal is describing what?
Answer: Ankle
Q: Inguinal is describing what?
Answer: Groin area
Q: The lungs are ______ to the heart.
Answer: Lateral
Q: The heart is ________ to the lungs.
Answer: Medial
Q: The wrist is ______ to the elbow.
Answer: Distal
Q: The knee is ________ to the ankle.
Answer: Proximal
Q: Ventral Body Cavity includes
Answer: Cranial, Thoracic cavity, Abdominal cavity and Abdominiopelvic cavity
Q: Dorsal Body Cavity Includes
Answer: Spinal Cavity, Pelvic Cavity
Q: What is a section that divides the body on the longitudinal plane into right and left parts?
Answer: Sagittal plane
Q: What type of section could used to separate the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic?
Answer: Transversal/Cross-Section
Q: ____ are compounds that release hydrogen ions (protons) when dissolved in water
Answer: Acids
Q: What is the sub-unit of a carbohydrate?
Answer: Simple Sugars or Monosaccarides
Q: What is the sub-unit of a protein?
Answer: Amino Acids
Q: What is the sub-unit of a lipid?
Answer: Fatty Acids and glycerol?
Q: What is the sub-unit of a nucleic acid?
Answer: Nucleotides
Q: Hemoglobin is a type of what?
Answer: Protein
Q: Starch is a type of what?
Answer: Carbohydrate
Q: Triglycerides are a type of what?
Answer: Carbohydrates
Q: Collagen is a type of what?
Answer: Protein
Q: Keratin is a type of what?
Answer: Protein
Q: What are the four types of tissue found in the human body?
Answer: Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous
Q: What is the function of epithelial tissue?
Answer: Protection, Absorption, Filtration, and Secretion
Q: What is the function of connective tissue?
Answer: Binding tissues together, support and protection
Q: What is the function of muscle tissue?
Answer: to produce movement
Q: What is the function of nervous tissue?
Answer: send and receive messages to other areas of the body
Q: What type of tissue it well vascularized and has an extensive matrix?
Answer: Connective tissue
Q: What tissue is found lining body organs, covering the body surfaces or is found covering glandular surfaces?
Answer: Epithelial tissue
Q: What type of tissue contains intercalated disks?
Answer: Cardiac muscle tissue
Q: What are the six types of connective tissue?
Answer: bloodareolarbone (oseous)adiposecartilagedense connective
Q: What are the four types of body membranes?
Answer: CutaneousMucousSerousSynovial
Q: Cutaneous membrane contains what type of tissues?
Answer: Epithelial
Q: Mucous membrane contains what type of tissues?
Answer: epithelial and connective
Q: Serous membrane contains what type of tissues?
Answer: epithelial and connective
Q: Synovial membrane contains what type of tissues?
Answer: Connective
Q: The outer membrane that is in contact with the cavity wall is called the ____ membrane
Answer: parietal
Q: The inner membrane that is in contact with the organ is called the ____ membrane
Answer: visceral
Q: Where would you find the parietal pericardium?
Answer: the heart
Q: Where would you find the parietal pleura?
Answer: the lungs
Q: Where would you find the visceral peritoneum?
Answer: abdominal organs
Q: What protein waterproofs the skin?
Answer: Keratin
Q: What type of tissue makes up the external skin region?
Answer: stratified squamous epithelial
Q: What layer of the skin is lacking blood supply?
Answer: Epidermis
Q: How does the epidermis get nutrients?
Answer: Diffusion of blood from underlying dermis
Q: What are the layers of the epidermis from the outermost layer to the innermost layer? (Come Let’s Get Sun Burnt)
Answer: Stratum CorneumStratum LucidumStratum GranulosumStratum SpinosumStratum Basale
Q: Acne is an inflammation of the _____ glands?
Answer: Sebacceous
Q: The papillary layer of the dermis has structures called the ____ that creates fingerprints.
Answer: Dermal Papillae
Q: What are the two most life threatening concerns if a person has severe burns?
Answer: Dehydration and infection
Q: What clues would indicate that a person has melanoma?
Answer: AsymmetryBorder IrregularityColorDiameter > 6mm
Q: What are the functions of the skeletal system?
Answer: Support, Storage (minerals and fats), Blood cell production (hematopoeisis)
Q: Vertebrae are considered what type of bone?
Answer: Irregular bones
Q: Ankles are considered what type of bone?
Answer: Short bones
Q: What type of marrow functions to produce blood cells?
Answer: Red marrow
Q: What type of marrow functions to store fat tissue?
Answer: Yellow marrow
Q: How is compact bone characterized?
Answer: Smooth, homogeneous look
Q: How is spongy bone characterized?
Answer: spongy, porous, trabeculae
Q: What would the presence of an epiphyseal plate indicate?
Answer: Growth
Q: What is the functioning unit of bone?
Answer: Osteon
Q: The middle of an osteon is a canal which contains?
Answer: Blood vessels and nerve fibers
Q: The small cavities in bone tissue where osteocytes are found are called?
Answer: lacunae
Q: What two hormones control the growth of long bones?
Answer: Growth and sex hormones
Q: What two types of bone cells control remodelling?
Answer: Osteoblasts and Osteoclasts
Q: What three factors affect bone remodeling?
Answer: Mechanical stress, Diet and hormones
Q: An excess of parathyroid hormone can ____ bone breakdown by causing _____ activity of osteoclasts
Answer: increase, increase
Q: What are the five regions of the vertebral column from superior to inferior?
Answer: Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacrum, Coccyx
Q: How many are there of the cervical vertebrae?
Answer: 7
Q: How many are there of the thoracic vertebrae?
Answer: 12
Q: How many are there of the lumbar vertebrae?
Answer: 5
Q: The mastoid process is a landmark found on the ____ bone
Answer: temporal
Q: What are the two types of involuntary muscle tissue?
Answer: Smooth and cardiac
Q: Which connective tissue surrounds an individual muscle cell?
Answer: Endomysium
Q: What is the area between two z lines called? (Also known as the functional contracting unit of muscle)
Answer: Sarcomere
Q: What are thin filaments also called?
Answer: Actin
Q: What are thick filaments also called?
Answer: Myosin
Q: What is the joint movement that decreases an angle between two bones?
Answer: Flexion
Q: What is the joint movement that increases the angle between two bones?
Answer: Extension
Q: What is the joint movement where you are moving away from the midline of your body?
Answer: Abduction
Q: What is the joint movement where your palms are facing down?
Answer: Pronation
Q: What is the joint movement where your toes are pulling towards the shin?
Answer: Dorsiflexion
Q: What is the joint movement where you are pointing your toes?
Answer: Plantarflexion
Q: The term central nervous system refers to the what?
Answer: brain and spinal cord
Q: What is the part of the neuron that normally receives the stimuli?
Answer: Dendrites
Q: What is the mass of white lipid material that insulate the axon of a neuron?
Answer: Myelin Sheath
Q: What is a neuron whose primary function is connection other neurons?
Answer: association or interneuron
Q: What is the first step of action potential?
Answer: Sodium channels open and sodium diffuses inward
Q: What is the second step of action potential?
Answer: The membrane becomes depolarized
Q: What is the third step of action potential?
Answer: Potassium channels open and potassium ions diffuse outward while sodium is actively transported out of the cell
Q: What is the last step of action potential?
Answer: The membrane becomes repolarized
Q: What are the three major parts of the brain stem?
Answer: Midbrain, Pons, Medulla Oblongata
Q: What lobe of the brain contains the primary motor area?
Answer: Frontal lobe
Q: What does Broca’s Area control?
Answer: Speech
Q: What part of the brain controls temperature, endocrine activity, and thirst?
Answer: Hypothalamus
Q: What part of the brain is the vital center for the control of heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure?
Answer: Medulla oblongata
Q: What part of the nervous system controls the “fight or flight” response?
Answer: Autonomic Nervous System
Q: What is the clear anterior portion of the sclera called?
Answer: cornea
Q: Where is the “blind spot” of the eye located?
Answer: Optic nerve
Q: What is the portion of the eye that regulates the amounts of light entering the eye?
Answer: Iris
Q: Where is the greatest visual acuity found in the eye?
Answer: Fovea Centralis
Q: What is the white of the eye called?
Answer: sclera
Q: What is the blood rich tunic that contains dark pigment to prevent light from scattering?
Answer: choroid tunic
Q: What is the flexible, biconvex-crystal like structure of the eye that focuses images on the retina?
Answer: lens
Q: What is the order that light passes as it enters the eye?
Answer: corneaaqueous humorlensvitreous humor
Q: What major processes do hormones control?
Answer: maintaining electrolyte balancegrowth and developmentmobilizing body defenses against stressorsregulates cellular metabolism
Q: What type of feedback usually regulates hormone concentrations in the body?
Answer: negative feedback
Q: What gland is located in “turk’s saddle” of the sphenoid bone?
Answer: pituitary gland
Q: What is the hormone that triggers ovulation of an egg from the female ovary?
Answer: leutenizing hormone
Q: What is the antagonist hormone to calcitonin?
Answer: Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Q: What hormone is produced by the pineal gland?
Answer: Melatonin
Q: What hormone causes a decrease in the concentration of blood glucose?
Answer: Insulin
Q: What are the receiving chambers of the heart?
Answer: the atrium
Q: What are the discharging chambers of the heart?
Answer: the ventricles
Q: What are valves in the heart for?
Answer: prevent the backflow of blood
Q: The mitral valve is located where?
Answer: in between the left ventricle and left atrium
Q: What is the pacemaker of the heart?
Answer: SA Node
Q: What is the pathway of an impulse in the intrinsic conduction system of the heart, starting with the SA (sinoatrial node)?Save His Bundles Please
Answer: SA NodeAV NodeBundle of HisPurkinje Fibers
Q: What is the lub sound of the heart?
Answer: Closing of Atrioventricular valves
Q: What is the dub sound of the heart?
Answer: Closing of Semilunar valves
Q: What is the volume of blood pumped out by a ventricle with each beat of the heart called?
Answer: stroke volume
Q: What is the pathway of blood flow in the vascular system?
Answer: (Goes from):ArteriesArteriolesCapillary BedsVenulesVeins
Q: What blood vessel has the highest blood pressure?
Answer: arteries
Q: What is the order in which food passes through the alimentary canal?
Answer: MouthPharynxEsophagusStomachSmall IntestinesLarge IntestinesAnus
Q: What is the primary function of the small intestine?
Answer: Nutrient absorption
Q: What do swallowing and peristalsis both assist in?
Answer: Propulsion
Q: What are the male gonads?
Answer: Testes
Q: What are the female gonads?
Answer: Ovareis
Q: The endocrine function of the testes is what?
Answer: Testosterone production
Q: The exocrine function of the testes is what?
Answer: Sperm production
Q: The “sperm forming factories” of the male reproductive system is called?
Answer: Testes (interstitial cells)
Q: What is the order of the male duct system? (inside to outside)
Answer: EpididymisVas DeferensUrethra
Q: What is the layer of the uterus that sloughs off on a monthly basis?
Answer: Endometrium
Q: What is the hormone that is responsible for ovulation?
Answer: Leutenizing hormone