Prepare for AP Human Geography Unit 6.5 with these practice questions on cities and urban land use. This guide covers urban models, city structure, and land use patterns.
Q: Urban Models
Answer: Models that are useful for explaining internal structures of cities:Burgess Concentric Zone ModelHoyt Sector ModelHarris and Ullman Multiple Nuclei ModelGalactic City Model (Peripheral Model)Latin American City ModelSoutheast Asian City ModelSub-Saharan African City Model
Q: Burgess Concentric Zone Model
Answer: A spatial model of the American city that suggests the existence of five concentric ringsaround a CBD (Central Business District)CENTER CIRCIE: the city grows outward beginning with the Central Business DistrictSECOND RING: the zone in transition where industry and poorer-quality housing are located (usually new immigrants to the city in small quarters as well as single individuals in rooming houses)THIRD RING: zone of modest older homes typically for the working classFOURTH RING: zone of better residences where more spacious houses for middle-class familiesFIFTH RING: commuter zone made up of people who work in the center and choose to live in the suburbs
Q: Hoyt Sector Model
Answer: A spatial model of the American city that suggests that land-use areas conform to a wedge-shaped pattern focused on the downtown core (CBD)-Focus is on residential patterns and where the wealthy choose to live-The city develops in a series of sectors at the center: Central Business District as the city grows, activities expands in a wedge, or sector, from the centerindustrial and retailing activities develop outward from the CBD once a district with “high-class” housing is established, the most expensive houses are built on theouter edge of that district further from the centermiddle class residential sectors develop in proximity to high rent residential and then low-class residential nearest to industrial and transportation zones
Q: Harris and Ullman Multiple Nuclei Model
Answer: A spatial model that shows the mid 20th century American city consisting of several land-use zones (nodes) arranged around a CBD (Central Business District)The CBD acts as the nucleus within the metropolitan area upon which activities revolve in various land-use zones or nodesEXAMPLES: ports, neighborhood business centers, universities, airport, and parks-Some activities go with particular nodes while others do not, for example, a university node may attract well-educated residents, bookstores, and copy places, or, the airport may attract hotels and warehouses.-Incompatible land use activities will not be clustered together, for example, industries will not be placed near high-class housing.
Q: Galactic City Model (Peripheral Model)
Answer: A spatial model in which American urban areas consist of a central city surrounded by a large suburban area, shopping malls, office parks, industrial areas, and service complexes tied together by a beltway, or ring road
Q: Latin American City Model
Answer: A spatial city model that includes a prestigious, commercial axis (spine) which emanates outward from the CBD and is surrounded by a peripheral area containing squatter settlements; the city structurecan be attributed to colonialism, the rapid rise of industrialization, and rapid population increase
Q: Sub-Saharan African City Model
Answer: A spatial city model that is difficult to formulate due to the imprint of European colonialism, but often consists of a colonial CBD as well as a traditional CBD, and a market zone that is surrounded by squatter settlements(informal satellite townships)
Q: Southeast Asian City Model
Answer: A spatial city model that includes an old colonial port zone that is the focal point of the city reflecting a city oriented around exports, and radiating outward from the port zone are the Western commercial zoneand Alien commercial zone
Q: Bid-rent theory
Answer: -Extension of the von Thünen model that implies that rent is equal to the value of the product minus production and transportation costs-Shows what various land users are prepared and able to pay for access to the center market (CBD)-The further from the center market (CBD), the lowerthe cost for a site-Intensive and extensive farming practices are in partby land costs (bid-rent theory)
Q: Residential buildings and Patterns of residential land-use
Answer: Reflect and shape the city’s culture, technological capabilities, cycles of development, and infilling (development of vacant areas within existing urban areas) – location and quality of a city’s INFRASTRUCTURE: affects economic development and social developmentLOW DENSITY HOUSING: land use pattern meant for a small number of residential homes that include a lot of open space and contain the fewest people per geographic unit.MEDIUM DENSITY HOUSING: land use pattern in which residential units include multi-unit housing, such as townhomes as well as single-unit housing.HIGH DENSITY HOUSING: land use pattern in which land is occupied by residential units that include multi-unit housing such as high-rise buildings and contain the highest people per geographic unit.
Q: Challenges to Urban Renewal
Answer: URBAN SUSTAINABILITY: the idea that a city can meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs in terms of economic, environmental and social impactCHALLENGES TO URBAN SUSTAINABILITY: managing suburban sprawl, sanitation needs, climate change, air and water quality standards, the ecological footprint of cities, and energy useRESPONSES TO URBAN SUSTAINABILITY CHALLENGES: regional planning efforts, remediation and redevelopment of BROWNFIELDS, establishment of urban growth boundaries (e.g. GREENBELTS), and farmland protection policies
Q: Qualitative and Quantitative data is used to show causes and effects of change within urban areas
Answer: QUANTITATIVE DATA: census and survey data provide information about changes in population composition and size.QUALITATIVE DATA: field studies and narratives provide information about individual attitudes toward urban change.MIXED-METHODS: An approach that combines both types of data to inform municipal decisions.
Q: Infrastructure
Answer: The basic physical (e.g., buildings, roads, and power supplies) and organizational structures (e.g., education, healthcare, and Justice) and facilities needed for the operation of a society or enterprise.